{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:25:45Z","timestamp":1760243145676,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing use of mobile devices in indoor spaces brings challenges to location methods. This work presents a hybrid intelligent method based on data mining and Type-2 fuzzy logic to locate mobile devices in an indoor space by zones using Wi-Fi signals from selected access points (APs). This approach takes advantage of wireless local area networks (WLANs) over other types of architectures and implements the complete method in a mobile application using the developed tools. Besides, the proposed approach is validated by experimental data obtained from case studies and the cross-validation technique. For the purpose of generating the fuzzy rules that conform to the Takagi\u2013Sugeno fuzzy system structure, a semi-supervised data mining technique called subtractive clustering is used. This algorithm finds centers of clusters from the radius map given by the collected signals from APs. Measurements of Wi-Fi signals can be noisy due to several factors mentioned in this work, so this method proposed the use of Type-2 fuzzy logic for modeling and dealing with such uncertain information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T10:44:27Z","timestamp":1449053067000},"page":"30142-30164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Novel Hybrid Intelligent Indoor Location Method for Mobile Devices by Zones Using Wi-Fi Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Casta\u00f1\u00f3n\u2013Puga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Leocundo","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9408-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carelia","family":"Gaxiola-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Licea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s007790170019","article-title":"Understanding and Using Context","volume":"5","author":"Dey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers. 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