{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:31:46Z","timestamp":1769513506356,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]],"date-time":"2015-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Decentralized magnetic indoor localization is a sophisticated method for processing sampled magnetic data directly on a mobile station (MS), thereby decreasing or even avoiding the need for communication with the base station. In contrast to central-oriented positioning systems, which transmit raw data to a base station, decentralized indoor localization pushes application-level knowledge into the MS. A decentralized position solution has thus a strong feasibility to increase energy efficiency and to prolong the lifetime of the MS. In this article, we present a complete architecture and an implementation for a decentralized positioning system. Furthermore, we introduce a technique for the synchronization of the observed magnetic field on the MS with the artificially-generated magnetic field from the coils. Based on real-time clocks (RTCs) and a preemptive operating system, this method allows a stand-alone control of the coils and a proper assignment of the measured magnetic fields on the MS. A stand-alone control and synchronization of the coils and the MS have an exceptional potential to implement a positioning system without the need for wired or wireless communication and enable a deployment of applications for rescue scenarios, like localization of miners or firefighters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T07:06:30Z","timestamp":1449644790000},"page":"30319-30339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Towards a Decentralized Magnetic Indoor Positioning System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zakaria","family":"Kasmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computing in Civil Engineering &amp; Geo Information Systems, Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany"}]},{"given":"Abdelmoumen","family":"Norrdine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computing in Civil Engineering &amp; Geo Information Systems, Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Blankenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Computing in Civil Engineering &amp; Geo Information Systems, Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, Aachen 52074, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/185138","article-title":"Recent advances in wireless indoor localization techniques and system","volume":"2013","author":"Zahid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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