{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T17:43:39Z","timestamp":1778953419199,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]],"date-time":"2015-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recognition of locomotion activities (e.g., walking, running, still) is important for a wide range of applications like indoor positioning, navigation, location-based services, and health monitoring. Recently, there has been a growing interest in activity recognition using accelerometer data. However, when utilizing only acceleration-based features, it is difficult to differentiate varying vertical motion states from horizontal motion states especially when conducting user-independent classification. In this paper, we also make use of the newly emerging barometer built in modern smartphones, and propose a novel feature called pressure derivative from the barometer readings for user motion state recognition, which is proven to be effective for distinguishing vertical motion states and does not depend on specific users\u2019 data. Seven types of motion states are defined and six commonly-used classifiers are compared. In addition, we utilize the motion state history and the characteristics of people\u2019s motion to improve the classification accuracies of those classifiers. Experimental results show that by using the historical information and human\u2019s motion characteristics, we can achieve user-independent motion state classification with an accuracy of up to 90.7%. In addition, we analyze the influence of the window size and smartphone pose on the accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T07:06:30Z","timestamp":1449644790000},"page":"30636-30652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["User-Independent Motion State Recognition Using Smartphone Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Kealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6639-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kourosh","family":"Khoshelham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianga","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-013-0088-3","article-title":"A review and taxonomy of activity recognition on mobile phones","volume":"3","author":"Incel","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockhart, J.W., Pulickal, T., and Weiss, G.M. 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