{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:26:26Z","timestamp":1760243186494,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61379126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61379126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the advent of the Internet of Underwater Things, smart things are deployed in the ocean space and establish underwater wireless sensor networks for the monitoring of vast and dynamic underwater environments. When events are found to have possibly occurred, accurate event coverage should be detected, and potential event sources should be determined for the enactment of prompt and proper responses. To address this challenge, a technique that detects event coverage and determines event sources is developed in this article. Specifically, the occurrence of possible events corresponds to a set of neighboring sensor nodes whose sensory data may deviate from a normal sensing range in a collective fashion. An appropriate sensor node is selected as the relay node for gathering and routing sensory data to sink node(s). When sensory data are collected at sink node(s), the event coverage is detected and represented as a weighted graph, where the vertices in this graph correspond to sensor nodes and the weight specified upon the edges reflects the extent of sensory data deviating from a normal sensing range. Event sources are determined, which correspond to the barycenters in this graph. The results of the experiments show that our technique is more energy efficient, especially when the network topology is relatively steady.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T10:09:11Z","timestamp":1450174151000},"page":"31620-31643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Event Coverage Detection and Event Source Determination in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhangbing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &amp; Communication Engineering, University of Science &amp; Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Computer Science Department, TELECOM SudParis, Evry 91 011, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riliang","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yucong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueqin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Research Center of China Geological Survey, and Key Laboratory of Geological Information Technology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2302638","article-title":"An Integrated System for Regional Environmental Monitoring and Management Based on Internet of Things","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100795","article-title":"Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks: Advances and Future Trends in Physical, MAC and Routing Layers","volume":"14","author":"Climent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.06.009","article-title":"A survey on routing techniques in underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"34","author":"Ayaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.54648\/AILA2014019","article-title":"Legal considerations about the missing malaysia airlines flight MH 370","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Air Space Law"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/2590642","article-title":"Connecting with Oceans Using Underwater Acoustic Networks","volume":"20","author":"Zuba","year":"2014","journal-title":"XRDS Crossroads ACM Mag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., Shi, Z.J., and Cui, J.H. (2008, January 5\u20139). DBR: Depth-Based Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 7th International IFIP-TC6 Networking Conference on Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79549-0_7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.07.012","article-title":"An overview of the internet of underwater things","volume":"35","author":"Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16932","DOI":"10.3390\/s140916932","article-title":"Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Survey","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14458","DOI":"10.3390\/s150614458","article-title":"DEADS: Depth and Energy Aware Dominating Set Based Algorithm for Cooperative Routing along with Sink Mobility in Underwater WSNs","volume":"15","author":"Umar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0719-2","article-title":"C3: An energy-efficient protocol for coverage, connectivity and communication in WSNs","volume":"18","author":"Akhlaq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0692-9","article-title":"Efficient and accurate sensor network localization","volume":"18","author":"Adnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2362731","article-title":"Impacts of Deployment Strategies on Localization Performance in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","volume":"62","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101708","article-title":"Trajectory-Based Visual Localization in Underwater Surveying Missions","volume":"15","author":"Burguera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, Y., Lee, U., Lee, S., Wang, P., Vieira, L.F.M., Cui, J.H., Gerla, M., and Kim, K. (2015). HydroCast: Pressure Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2395434"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2013.0118","article-title":"Survey on underwater delay\/disruption tolerant wireless sensor network routing","volume":"4","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11782","DOI":"10.3390\/s130911782","article-title":"Underwater Sensor Nodes and Networks","volume":"13","author":"Lloret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2014.06.003","article-title":"Sensor virtualization for underwater event detection","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Xia, S., Jin, M., and Wu, H. (2015). Localized and Precise Boundary Detection in 3-D Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2014.2344663"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.112813.00168","article-title":"Anomaly Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks in a Non-Stationary Environment","volume":"16","author":"OReilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundu, S., and Das, N. (2015, January 12\u201314). Event Boundary Detection and Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Applications and Innovations in Mobile Computing, Kolkata, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIMOC.2015.7083831"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debont, M., Jamshaid, K., Shihada, B., and Ho, P.H. (2012, January 15\u201317). Event Localization in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks using Monitoring Courses. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications in China: Wireless Networking and Applications, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2012.6356987"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-015-0875-7","article-title":"A Three-Dimensional Sub-Region Query Processing Mechanism in Underwater WSNs","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202026","article-title":"Localization Algorithms of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, K., and Nittel, S. (2010, January 14\u201317). Efficient Data Collection and Event Boundary Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Tiny Models. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15300-6_8"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2008). Barycentric Graph Clustering. Oregon Health Science University."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2357331","article-title":"UREAL: Underwater Reflection-Enabled Acoustic-Based Localization","volume":"14","author":"Emokpae","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.07.014","article-title":"CARP: A Channel-aware routing protocol for underwater acoustic wireless networks","volume":"34","author":"Basagni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho, R.W.L., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L.F.M., and Loureiro, A.A.F. (2014, January 10\u201314). GEDAR: Geographic and Opportunistic Routing Protocol with Depth Adjustment for Mobile Underwater Sensor Networks. Procedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883327"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.1079","article-title":"DFR: An efficient directional flooding-based routing protocol in underwater sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahrami, N., Khamis, N.H.H., and Baharom, A. (2015). Study of Underwater Channel Estimation Based on Different Node Placement in Shallow Water. IEEE Sens. J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2493102"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/2537130","article-title":"Surface-Reflection-Based Communication and Localization in Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"10","author":"Emokpae","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"4345","article-title":"A Multi-Link Fault-Tolerant Routing Protocol for Three Dimensional Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Yao, B., Xing, R., Shu, L., and Bu, S. (2015). E-CARP: An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for UWSNs in the Internet of Underwater Things. IEEE Sens. J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2437904"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-012-9370-y","article-title":"Characteristics and classification of outlier detection techniques for wireless sensor networks in harsh environments: A survey","volume":"43","author":"Shahid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, H., and Wu, J. (2015, January 22\u201325). Data Collection and Event Detection in the Deep Sea with Delay Minimization. Proceedings of the 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication and Networking, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2015.7338335"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Basagni, S., Boloni, L., Gjanci, P., Petrioli, C., Phillips, C.A., and Turgut, D. (May, January 27). Maximizing the Value of Sensed Information in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks via an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11833","DOI":"10.3390\/s111211833","article-title":"A Query Result Merging Scheme for Providing Energy Efficiency in Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"234","article-title":"Redundancy Model and Boundary Effects Based Coverage-Enhancing Algorithm for 3D Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16763","DOI":"10.3390\/s150716763","article-title":"Node Deployment Algorithm Based on Connected Tree for Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"191","article-title":"A topology control algorithm for autonomous underwater robots in three-dimensional space using PSO","volume":"3","author":"Amiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. AI Data Min."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2014.2308184","article-title":"Distributed Topological Convex Hull Estimation of Event Region in Wireless Sensor Networks without Location Information","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parall. Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keally, M., Zhou, G., Xing, G., Nguyen, D.T., and Qi, X. (2014). A Learning-Based Approach to Confident Event Detection in Heterogeneous Sensor Networks. ACM Trans. Sens. Netw., 11.","DOI":"10.1145\/2575788"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.07.025","article-title":"Dynamic adjustment of sensing range for event coverage in wireless sensor networks","volume":"46","author":"Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22737","DOI":"10.3390\/s141222737","article-title":"Virtualization of Event Sources in Wireless Sensor Networks for the Internet of Things","volume":"14","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/12\/29875\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:54:05Z","timestamp":1760216045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/12\/29875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s151229875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151229875","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]}}}