{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:05:43Z","timestamp":1774454743813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Research Studentship"},{"name":"the Innovation and Technology Commission of Hong Kong SAR","award":["ITS\/030\/13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITS\/030\/13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although biofeedback systems have been used to improve balance with success, they were confined to hospital training applications. Little attempt has been made to investigate the use of in-shoe plantar force measurement and wireless technology to turn hospital training biofeedback systems into wearable devices. This research developed a wearable biofeedback system which detects body sway by analyzing the plantar force and provides users with the corresponding haptic cues. The effects of this system were evaluated in thirty young and elderly subjects with simulated reduced foot sensation. Subjects performed a Romberg test under three conditions: (1) no socks, system turned-off; (2) wearing five layers of socks, system turned-off; (3) wearing five layers of socks, and system turned-on. Degree of body sway was investigated by computing the center of pressure (COP) movement measured by a floor-mounted force platform. Plantar tactile sensation was evaluated using a monofilament test. Wearing multiple socks significantly decreased the plantar tactile sensory input (p &lt; 0.05), and increased the COP parameters (p &lt; 0.017), indicating increased postural sway. After turning on the biofeedback system, the COP parameters decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.017). The positive results of this study should inspire future development of wearable plantar force-based biofeedback systems for improving balance in people with sensory deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T10:09:11Z","timestamp":1450174151000},"page":"31709-31722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A Vibrotactile and Plantar Force Measurement-Based Biofeedback System: Paving the Way towards Wearable Balance-Improving Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Engineering Research Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anson","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duo","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3407-9226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Ping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2119-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winson","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Institute of Active Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp020719","article-title":"Preventing falls in elderly persons","volume":"348","author":"Tinetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A qualitative description of falls in a neuro-rehabilitation unit: The use of a standardised fall report including the international classification of functioning (icf) to describe activities and environmental factors","volume":"37","author":"Saverino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67604-0","article-title":"Prevention of falls and consequent injuries in elderly people","volume":"366","author":"Kannus","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Todd, C., and Skelton, D. (2004). What Are the Main Risk Factors for Falls amongst Older People and What Are the most Effective Interventions to Prevent these Falls? How should Interventions to Prevent Falls Be Implemented, World Health Organization Europe."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii37","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl084","article-title":"Falls in older people: Epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention","volume":"35","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(02)00002-2","article-title":"The epidemiology of falls and syncope","volume":"18","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"61","article-title":"Gait and balance disorders in older adults","volume":"82","author":"Salzman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2718","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c1f7c5","article-title":"Evidence supporting balance training in healthy individuals: A systemic review","volume":"23","author":"DiStefano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zijlstra, A., Mancini, M., Chiari, L., and Zijlstra, W. (2010). Biofeedback for training balance and mobility tasks in older populations: A systematic review. J Neuroeng. Rehabil., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-7-58"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0800-4","article-title":"Controlling posture using a plantar pressure-based, tongue-placed tactile biofeedback system","volume":"179","author":"Vuillerme","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.02.0023","article-title":"Effects of vibrating insoles on standing balance in diabetic neuropathy","volume":"45","author":"Hijmans","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14470-4","article-title":"Vibrating insoles and balance control in elderly people","volume":"362","author":"Priplata","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0709-y","article-title":"Auditory biofeedback substitutes for loss of sensory information in maintaining stance","volume":"178","author":"Dozza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130110110601","article-title":"The influence of moving auditory stimuli on standing balance in healthy young adults and the elderly","volume":"44","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-53","article-title":"Biofeedback improves postural control recovery from multi-axis discrete perturbations","volume":"9","author":"Sienko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318194f84d","article-title":"Effectiveness of head-mounted vibrotactile stimulation in subjects with bilateral vestibular loss: A phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Goebel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-10","article-title":"Cell phone based balance trainer","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.05.018","article-title":"The effects of vibrotactile biofeedback training on trunk sway in parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"18","author":"Allum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2008-185-604","article-title":"Effects of multi-directional vibrotactile feedback on vestibular-deficient postural performance during continuous multi-directional support surface perturbations","volume":"18","author":"Sienko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.07.002","article-title":"Vibrotactile neurofeedback balance training in patients with parkinson's disease: Reducing the number of falls","volume":"37","author":"Ernst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sienko, K.H., Balkwill, M.D., Oddsson, L.I., and Wall, C. (2013). The effect of vibrotactile feedback on postural sway during locomotor activities. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-93"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.02.019","article-title":"Vibrotactile tilt feedback improves dynamic gait index: A fall risk indicator in older adults","volume":"30","author":"Wall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2003.1195701","article-title":"Balance prostheses for postural control","volume":"22","author":"Wall","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3109\/13697130903395193","article-title":"Is the wii fit\u2122 a new-generation tool for improving balance, health and well-being? A pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Nitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0922","article-title":"Home-based balance training programme using wii fit with balance board for parkinson\u2019s disease: A pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Esculier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"605","article-title":"Nintendo wii balance board is sensitive to effects of visual tasks on standing sway in healthy elderly adults","volume":"36","author":"Koslucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"GaitPosture"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.25.1251","article-title":"Validity and reliability of wii fit balance board for the assessment of balance of healthy young adults and the elderly","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.12.036","article-title":"Audio-biofeedback improves balance in patients with bilateral vestibular loss","volume":"86","author":"Dozza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0252-5","article-title":"Balance training program is highly effective in improving functional status and reducing the risk of falls in elderly women with osteoporosis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Madureira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01931.x","article-title":"Otago home-based strength and balance retraining improves executive functioning in older fallers: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"Donaldson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J.C., Robertson, M.C., Ashe, M.C., Liu-Ambrose, T., Khan, K.M., and Marra, C.A. (2009). Does a home based strength and balance programme in people aged \u2265 80 years provide the best value for money to prevent falls? A systematic review of economic analyses of falls prevention interventions. Br. J. Sports Med.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.060988"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.7547\/1030516","article-title":"Footwear interventions a review of their sensorimotor and mechanical effects on balance performance and gait in older adults","volume":"103","author":"Hatton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e3282f14469","article-title":"Development of vibrating insoles","volume":"30","author":"Hijmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priplata, A.A., Niemi, J.B., Veves, A., Lipsitz, L.A., and Collins, J.J. (2004). Vibrating insoles improve balance in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 36.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200405001-00028"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.09.012","article-title":"The test\u2013retest reliability of centre of pressure measures in bipedal static task conditions\u2013a systematic review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Ruhe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.02.016","article-title":"Reliability of center of pressure measures of postural stability in healthy older adults: Effects of postural task difficulty and cognitive load","volume":"33","author":"Moghadam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1109\/10.532130","article-title":"Measures of postural steadiness: Differences between healthy young and elderly adults","volume":"43","author":"Prieto","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.09.006","article-title":"The relationship between fear of falling and human postural control","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.07.007","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of balance control parameters in elderly fallers and non-fallers","volume":"25","author":"Melzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Kyung, K.-U., Ahn, M., Kwon, D.-S., and Srinivasan, M. (2005, January 18\u201320). Perceptual and biomechanical frequency response of human skin: Implication for design of tactile displays. Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems, Pisa, Italy."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31822e5bee","article-title":"The modified romberg balance test: Normative data in us adults","volume":"32","author":"Agrawal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.7547\/1030471","article-title":"Effects of nonslip socks on the gait patterns of older people when walking on a slippery surface","volume":"103","author":"Hatton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.10.0168","article-title":"Optimizing footwear for older people at risk of falls","volume":"45","author":"Menant","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.08.060","article-title":"Evaluation of age-related plantar-surface insensitivity and onset age of advanced insensitivity in older adults using vibratory and touch sensation tests","volume":"392","author":"Perry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2364-2","article-title":"Reduced plantar cutaneous sensation modifies gait dynamics, lower-limb kinematics and muscle activity during walking","volume":"112","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2465","article-title":"Interpreting the results of the semmes-weinstein monofilament test: Accounting for false-positive answers in the international consensus on the diabetic foot protocol by a new model","volume":"30","author":"Slater","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet. Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"28","article-title":"Bilateral isokinetic peak torque of quadriceps and hamstring muscles in professional soccer players with dominance on one or both two sides","volume":"46","author":"Zakas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00090-0","article-title":"The effect of changes in foot sensation on plantar pressure and muscle activity","volume":"16","author":"Nurse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.06.034","article-title":"Older adults adopted more cautious gait patterns when walking in socks than barefoot","volume":"37","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Balance disorders in the elderly and the benefit of balance exercise","volume":"87","author":"Prasansuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail. Chotmaihet Thangphaet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2009.0986","article-title":"Sensitivity mapping of the human foot: Thresholds at 30 skin locations","volume":"30","author":"Hennig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Bronstein, A.M., Brandt, T., Woollacott, M.H., and Nutt, J.G. (2004). Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.06.016","article-title":"Postural stability and history of falls in cognitively able older adults: The canton ticino study","volume":"36","author":"Merlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50173.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of tai chi for improving balance and preventing falls in the older population\u2014A review","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lord, S.R. (2007). Falls in Older People: Risk Factors and Strategies for Prevention, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511722233"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03286.x","article-title":"Falls incidence, risk factors, and consequences in chinese older people: A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Kwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03017.x","article-title":"A multifactorial approach to understanding fall risk in older people","volume":"58","author":"Delbaere","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.6.595","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of a balance-enhancing insole","volume":"63","author":"Perry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A: Biol. Sci. Med.Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.02.002","article-title":"Reducing fall risk by improving balance control: Development, evaluation and knowledge-translation of new approaches","volume":"42","author":"Maki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3685-z","article-title":"Effect of a textured insole on balance and gait symmetry","volume":"231","author":"Aruin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e3181dde6f0","article-title":"Application of vibrotactile feedback of body motion to improve rehabilitation in individuals with imbalance","volume":"34","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther.: JNPT"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.10.008","article-title":"Salient and placebo vibrotactile feedback are equally effective in reducing sway in bilateral vestibular loss patients","volume":"31","author":"Janssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.10.359","article-title":"Effects of biofeedback on secondary-task response time and postural stability in older adults","volume":"35","author":"Haggerty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100308","article-title":"The plantar loading variations to uphill and downhill gradients during treadmill walking","volume":"21","author":"Grampp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"62","article-title":"Ground reaction force patterns in stroke patients with various degrees of motor recovery determined by plantar dynamic analysis","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2012-0208","article-title":"The relationship between spatiotemporal gait asymmetry and balance in individuals with chronic stroke","volume":"30","author":"Lewek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/12\/29883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:54:07Z","timestamp":1760216047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/12\/29883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s151229883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151229883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]]}}}