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In addition, a wireless module was used to transmit the voltage values to a remote laptop. Tests were conducted in two stages to evaluate the performance of the sensor array in an attempt to quantify the spray deposition. Initial tests utilized manual droplet placement on the sensor surface to determine the effects of temperature and droplet size on voltage output. Secondary testing utilized a spray chamber to pass nozzles at different speeds above the sensor surface to determine if output varied based on different application rates or spray droplet classification. Results from this preliminary analysis indicated that manual droplets of 5 and 10 \u03bcL resulted in significantly different values from the sensors while temperature did not consistently affect output. Spray chamber test results indicated that different application rates and droplet sizes could be determined using the sensor array.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]],"date-time":"2015-12-17T10:47:37Z","timestamp":1450349257000},"page":"31965-31972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Spray Deposition Sensing System for Improving Pesticide Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Melissa","family":"Kesterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Luck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0971-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Sama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.1995.1048","article-title":"The effect of spray application rate and airflow on foliar deposition in a hedgerow vineyard","volume":"61","author":"Pergher","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.27475","article-title":"Spray deposition on citrus canopies under different meteorological conditions","volume":"39","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. ASAE"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Barber, J., Greer, M., and Hewitt, A. (2004, January 6). A field measurement device for the aerosols used in mosquito control. Proceedings of the 2004 ASAE Annual International Meeting, Reno, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.31494","article-title":"Development of a sensor for spray deposition assessment","volume":"33","author":"Salyani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. 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Available online: http:\/\/www.teejet.com\/media\/433190\/010_cat51-m_lores.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/12\/29898\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:54:17Z","timestamp":1760216057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/12\/29898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s151229898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151229898","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]]}}}