{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T17:02:52Z","timestamp":1765040572769,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]],"date-time":"2015-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new Raman-based apparatus for proximal detection of energetic materials on people, was developed and tested for the first time. All the optical and optoelectronics components of the apparatus, as well as their optical matching, were carefully chosen and designed to respect international eye-safety regulations. In this way, the apparatus is suitable for civil applications on people in public areas such as airports and metro or railway stations. The acquisition software performs the data analysis in real-time to provide a fast response to the operator. Moreover, it allows for deployment of the apparatus either as a stand alone device or as part of a more sophisticated warning system architecture made up of several sensors. Using polyamide as substrate, the apparatus was able to detect surface densities of ammonium nitrate (AN), 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNT), 3-nitrooxy-2,2-bis(nitrooxymethyl)propyl] nitrate (PETN) and urea nitrate (UN) in the range of 100\u20131000 \u03bcg\/cm2 at a distance of 6.4 m using each time a single laser pulse of 3 mJ\/cm2. The limit of detection calculated for AN is 289 \u03bcg\/cm2. AN and UN provided the highest percentages of true positives (&gt;82% for surface densities of 100\u2013400 \u03bcg\/cm2 and fingerprints) followed by TNT and PETN (17%\u201370% for surface densities of 400\u20131000 \u03bcg\/cm2 and fingerprints).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T06:52:19Z","timestamp":1450853539000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Proximal Detection of Traces of Energetic Materials with an Eye-Safe UV Raman Prototype Developed for Civil Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Chirico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Almaviva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Colao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Fiorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Nuvoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]},{"given":"Wenka","family":"Schweikert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Strasse 7, Pfinztal 76327, Germany"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Schn\u00fcrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Strasse 7, Pfinztal 76327, Germany"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cassioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Air Force, Comando Logistico, 1^Divisione, Centro Sperimentale Volo, Reparto Armamento, Via di Pratica di Mare 45, Pomezia (Rome) 00040, Italy"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Air Force, Comando Logistico, 1^Divisione, Centro Sperimentale Volo, Reparto Armamento, Via di Pratica di Mare 45, Pomezia (Rome) 00040, Italy"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Murra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-FUSPHY-SAD, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ivano","family":"Menicucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Palucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA, FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati (Rome) 00044, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jenkins, B.M., and Butterworth, B.R. (2010). Explosives and Incendiaries Used in Terrorist Attacks on Public Surface Transportation: A Preliminary Empirical Examination, Mineta Transportation Institute Publications."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Global Terrorism Database, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). 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