{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T07:24:22Z","timestamp":1766820262918,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current generation wireless sensor routing algorithms and protocols have been designed based on a myopic routing approach, where the motes are assumed to have the same sensing and communication capabilities. Myopic routing is not a natural fit for the IoT, as it may lead to energy imbalance and subsequent short-lived sensor networks, routing the sensor readings over the most service-intensive sensor nodes, while leaving the least active nodes idle. This paper revisits the issue of energy efficiency in sensor networks to propose a clustering model where sensor devices\u2019 service delivery is mapped into an energy awareness model, used to design a clustering algorithm that finds service-aware clustering (SAC) configurations in IoT settings. The performance evaluation reveals the relative energy efficiency of the proposed SAC algorithm compared to related routing algorithms in terms of energy consumption, the sensor nodes\u2019 life span and its traffic engineering efficiency in terms of throughput and delay. These include the well-known low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and LEACH-centralized (LEACH-C) algorithms, as well as the most recent algorithms, such as DECSA and MOCRN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T07:10:20Z","timestamp":1450854620000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Service-Aware Clustering: An Energy-Efficient Model for the Internet-of-Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0774-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Bagula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Systems and Advanced Telecommunication Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Ademola","family":"Abidoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Systems and Advanced Telecommunication Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Guy-Alain","family":"Zodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST), Private Bag 13888, Windhoek 9000, Namibia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitrokotsa, A., and Douligeris, C. (2009). Integrated RFID and Sensor Networks: Architectures and Applications, Auerbach Publications.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420077780.pt3"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Eubanks, W.W. (2008). Payment Card Interchange Fees: An Economic Assessment, United States Congressional Research Service."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, X., Huang, X., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., Huang, C., and Cui, L. (2007, January 26\u201330). The Design and Evaluation of a Wireless Sensor Network for Mine Safety Monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM\u201907), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2007.248"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, Z., and Deng, Z.A. (2008, January 21\u201324). A Distributed Location Algorithm for Underground Miners Based on Rescue Robot and Coal-Mining Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAMECH.2008.4690866"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hospital Using RTLS to Monitor Patients\u2019 Conditions. Available online: http:\/\/www.rfidjournal.com\/articles\/view?6685."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurdak, R., Ruzzelli, A.G., and Hare, G. (2008, January 3\u20137). Multi-Hop RFID Wake-Up Radio: Design, Evaluation and Energy Tradeoffs. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), St. Thomas, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2008.ECP.124"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Martin, J. (2014). Hybrid RFID Sensors: Design, Implementation and Application. [Master Thesis, The University of Cape Town]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karbab, E., Djenouri, D., Boulkaboul, S., and Bagula, A. (2015, January 21\u201323). Car Park Management with Networked Wireless Sensors and Active RFID. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electro\/Information Technology (EIT), Naperville, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIT.2015.7293372"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15443","DOI":"10.3390\/s150715443","article-title":"On the Design of Smart Parking Networks in the Smart Cities: An Optimal Sensor Placement Model","volume":"15","author":"Bagula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190","article-title":"An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks","volume":"1","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.231","article-title":"A energy-efficient clustering routing algorithm based on distance and residual energy for wireless sensor networks","volume":"29","author":"Yong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multihop-Based Optimal Cluster Heads Numbers Considering Relay Node in Transmission Range of Sensor Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"2013","author":"Nam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40316-3_3","article-title":"On the Relevance of Using Interference and Service Differentiation Routing in the Internet-of-Things","volume":"8121","author":"Antoine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013715909417","article-title":"Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless microsensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Kulik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Lee, S., and An, S. (2006, January 29). Reader Collision Avoidance Mechanism in Ubiquitous Sensor and RFID Networks. Proceeedings of the WiNTECH\u201906, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1160987.1161011"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2004.1368893","article-title":"Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"11","author":"Kamal","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wang, A., Heinzelman, W., and Chandrakasan, A. (1999, January 20\u201322). Energy-Scalable Protocols for Battery-Operated Microsensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop Signal Processing Systems (SiPS\u201999), Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagula, A., Djenouri, D., and Karbab, E. (2013, January 8\u201311). Ubiquitous Sensor Network Management: The Least Interference Beaconing Model. Proceedings of the IEEE PIMRC-2013 Conference, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2013.6666538"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngqakaza, L., and Bagula, A. (2014, January 26\u201328). Least Path Interference Beaconing Protocol (LIBP): A Frugal Routing Protocol for the Internet-of-Things. Proceedings of the IFIP Wired\/Wireless Internet Communications WWIC 2014, Pairs, France.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13174-0_12"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2010.036192","article-title":"Design of a flexible and robust gateway to collect sensor data in intermittent power environments","volume":"8","author":"Zennaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sensor Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14785-2_15","article-title":"Planning and Deploying Long Distance Wireless Sensor Networks: The Integration of Simulation and Experimentation","volume":"6288","author":"Zennaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagula, A.B. (2010). Modelling and Implementation of QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Multi-constrained Traffic Engineering Model. Eur. J. Wirel. Commun. Netw.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/468737"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bagula, A.B., and Krzesinski, A.E. (2001, January 15\u201318). Traffic Engineering Label Switched Paths in IP Networks Using a Pre-Planned Flow Optimization Model. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Modelling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, Cincinnati, OH, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/1\/9\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:54:38Z","timestamp":1760216078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/1\/9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s16010009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16010009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]]}}}