{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:42:35Z","timestamp":1774348955545,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of bubbles in liquid metals is important for many technical applications. The opaqueness and the high temperature of liquid metals set high demands on the measurement system. The high electrical conductivity of the liquid metal can be exploited for contactless methods based on electromagnetic induction. We will present a measurement system which consists of one excitation coil and a pickup coil system on the opposite sides of the pipe. With this sensor we were able to detect bubbles in a sodium flow inside a stainless steel pipe and bubbles in a column filled with a liquid Gallium alloy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T10:05:59Z","timestamp":1452074759000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Contactless Inductive Bubble Detection in a Liquid Metal Flow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5971-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gundrum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, Dresden 01328, Germany"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, Dresden 01328, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bachir","family":"Dekdouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5740-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Peyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wondrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, Dresden 01328, Germany"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, Dresden 01328, Germany"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, Dresden 01328, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.43.271","article-title":"State of the art in evaluation and control of steel cleanliness","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1021\/ef020271q","article-title":"Hydrogen production by direct contact pyrolysis of natural gas","volume":"17","author":"Seerban","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2004.842443","article-title":"Electromagnetic techniques for imaging the cross-section distribution of molten steel flow in the continuous casting nozzle","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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