{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T03:34:21Z","timestamp":1778729661043,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Polish National Science Centre (NCN)","award":["2012\/07\/B\/ST7\/01 471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/07\/B\/ST7\/01 471"]}]},{"name":"the Statutory R&amp;D Project IChPW","award":["11.15.024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11.15.024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper presents the results of investigations on resistance structures based on graphite oxide (GRO) and graphene oxide (rGO). The subject matter of the investigations was thaw the sensitivity of the tested structures was affected by hydrogen, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide. The experiments were performed at a temperature range from 30 \u00b0C to 150 \u00b0C in two carrier gases: nitrogen and synthetic air. The measurements were also aimed at characterization of the graphite oxide and graphene oxide. In our measurements we used (among others) techniques such as: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); Raman Spectroscopy (RS); Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray Photoelectron Microscopy (XPS). The data resulting from the characterizations of graphite oxide and graphene oxide have made it possible to interpret the obtained results from the point of view of physicochemical changes occurring in these structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,16]],"date-time":"2016-01-16T03:30:25Z","timestamp":1452915025000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":310,"title":["Studies of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphite Oxide in the Aspect of Their Possible Application in Gas Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sabina","family":"Drewniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, 2 Akademicka Str., Gliwice 44-100, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roksana","family":"Muzyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, 1 Zamkowa Str., Zabrze 41-803, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9594-9072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Stolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Str., Gliwice 44-100, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Pustelny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, 2 Akademicka Str., Gliwice 44-100, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michalina","family":"Kotyczka-Mora\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, 1 Zamkowa Str., Zabrze 41-803, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Setkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, 2 Akademicka Str., Gliwice 44-100, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, N., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Huang, X., Wei, L., and Zhang, Y. (2014). Ultrafast and sensitive room temperature NH3 gas sensors based on chemically reduced graphene oxide. Nanotechnology, 25.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/2\/025502"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sc20205k","article-title":"Graphene-based electronic sensors","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1557\/opl.2013.34","article-title":"Sputter deposited ZnO porous films for sensing applications","volume":"1494","author":"Borysiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"MRS Proc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9563","DOI":"10.3390\/s150409563","article-title":"A study of a QCM sensor based on TiO2 nanostructures for the detection of NO2 and explosives vapours in air","volume":"15","author":"Procek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2015.05.018","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide filled cellulose films for flexible temperature sensor application","volume":"206","author":"Sadasivuni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Synthetic Met."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sriram, P., Nutenki, R., Mandapati, V.R., Karruppiah, M., and Kattimuttathu, S.I. (2015). Effect of graphene oxide size and structure on synthesis and optoelectronics properties of hybrid graphene oxide-poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanocomposites. Polym. Composit.","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23646"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1002\/pssb.201451179","article-title":"Resistance changes of carbon nanotubes decorated with platinium nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen at different and constant concentrations","volume":"251","author":"Lukowiec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi B Basic Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.10.078","article-title":"Hydrogen sensor based on a graphene-palladium nanocomposite","volume":"56","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NR04631A","article-title":"The structure of graphene oxide membranes in liquid water, ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures","volume":"6","author":"Talyzin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1021\/nn901934u","article-title":"Hydrogen bond networks in graphene oxide composite paper: Structure and mechanical properties","volume":"4","author":"Medhekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1585","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo effect of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Jaworski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12625","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR02564H","article-title":"Delamination of graphite oxide in a liquid upon cooling","volume":"7","author":"Talyzin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.12.017","article-title":"A practical carbon dioxide gas sensor using room-temperature hydrogen plasma reduced graphene oxide","volume":"193","author":"Ritikos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201501867","article-title":"Direct power generation from a graphene oxide film under moisure","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.03.039","article-title":"Visualization od defect densities in reduced graphene oxide","volume":"50","author":"Eigler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2009.12.024","article-title":"Graphene-based nitrogen dioxide gas sensors","volume":"10","author":"Ko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1039\/b9nr00015a","article-title":"Nanostructured Pt decorated graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotube based room temperature hydrogen gas sensor","volume":"1","author":"Kaniyoor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2015.01.027","article-title":"CO2 gas sensor based on silicon nanowires modified with metal nanoparticles","volume":"38","author":"Naama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4302\/plp.2015.2.06","article-title":"Investigations of selected physical properties of graphite oxide and thermally exfoliated\/reduced graphene oxide in the aspect of their applications in photonic gas sensors","volume":"7","author":"Drewniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photonics Lett. Pol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, G., Ocola, L.E., and Chen, J. (2009). Gas detection using low-temperature reduced graphene oxide sheets. Appl. Phys. Lett., 94.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3086896"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, G., Ocola, L.E., and Chen, J. (2009). Reduced graphene oxide for room-temperature gas sensors. Nanotechnology, 20.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/44\/445502"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1021\/nl8013007","article-title":"Reduced Graphene Oxide Molecular Sensors","volume":"8","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.08.009","article-title":"Graphene materials with different structures prepared from the same graphite by the Hummers and Brodie methods","volume":"65","author":"Botas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.12.027","article-title":"Towards the understanding of the graphene oxide structure: How to control the formation of humic- and fulvic-like oxidized debris","volume":"84","author":"Terrones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2011.08.045","article-title":"The effect of the parent graphite on the structure of graphene oxide","volume":"50","author":"Botas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2008.06.042","article-title":"Unoccupied electronic states in graphite oxides","volume":"460","author":"Jeong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2614(98)00144-4","article-title":"A new structural model for graphite oxide","volume":"287","author":"He","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9176","DOI":"10.1039\/b916672f","article-title":"Revisiting the chemistry of graphite oxides and its effect on ammonia adsorption","volume":"19","author":"Petit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.12.081","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis and activation of graphene-incorporated nitrogen-rich carbon composite for high-performance supercapacitors","volume":"70","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.04.062","article-title":"\u201cClicking\u201d graphite oxide sheets with well-defined polystyrenes: A new Strategy to control the layer thickness","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(95)00120-3","article-title":"Study of oxygen-containing groups in a series of graphite oxides: Physical and chemical characterization","volume":"33","author":"de","year":"1995","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.04.004","article-title":"Graphene production via electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide: Synthesis and characterisation","volume":"251","author":"Toh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2011.10.088","article-title":"A green route to prepare graphite oxide-poly(acrylic acid) and -poly(acrylamide) hybrids under \u03b3-ray irradiation","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2012.09.007","article-title":"Structural characterization and DC conductivity of honeycomb-patterned poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)\/gold nanoparticle-reduced graphite oxide composite films","volume":"90","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.11.016","article-title":"Graphene-NHC-iridium hybrid catalysts built through \u2013OH covalent linkage","volume":"83","author":"Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.07.038","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped graphene prepared by a transfer doping approach for the oxygen reduction reaction application","volume":"245","author":"Mo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4302\/plp.2014.4.06","article-title":"The effect of oxidation and reduction processes of graphite on physicochemical properties of graphite oxide and reduced graphene oxide","volume":"6","author":"Drewniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photonics Lett. Pol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.05.033","article-title":"Towards low temperature thermal exfoliation of graphite oxide for graphene production","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.038","article-title":"Polyamide 6\/Graphene composites: The effect of in situ polymerisation on the structure and properties of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide","volume":"59","author":"Bakirtzis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1039\/c1nr10187k","article-title":"Characterization of partially reduced graphene oxide as room temperature sensor for H2","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1021\/nn102803q","article-title":"Toward practical gas sensing with highly reduced graphene oxide: A new signal processing method to circumvent run-to-run and device-to-device variations","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/1\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:17:45Z","timestamp":1760210265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/1\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s16010103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16010103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]}}}