{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:51:38Z","timestamp":1780469498838,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,20]],"date-time":"2016-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we proposed an interdigitated capacitor (IDC)-based glucose biosensor to measure different concentrations of glucose from 1 \u03bcM to 1 M. We studied four different types of solvatochromic dyes: Auramine O, Nile red, Rhodamine B, and Reichardt\u2019s dye (R-dye). These dyes were individually incorporated into a polymer [polyvinyl chloride (PVC)] and N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) solution to make the respective dielectric\/sensing materials. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time an IDC glucose biosensing system utilizing a solvatochromic-dye-containing sensing membrane. These four dielectric or sensing materials were individually placed into the interdigitated electrode (IDE) by spin coating to make four IDC glucose biosensing elements. The proposed IDC glucose biosensor has a high sensing ability over a wide dynamic range and its sensitivity was about 23.32 mV\/decade. It also has fast response and recovery times of approximately 7 s and 5 s, respectively, excellent reproducibility with a standard deviation of approximately 0.023, highly stable sensing performance, and real-time monitoring capabilities. The proposed IDC glucose biosensor was compared with an IDC, potentiometric, FET, and fiber-optic glucose sensor with respect to response time, dynamic range width, sensitivity, and linearity. We observed that the designed IDC glucose biosensor offered excellent performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,22]],"date-time":"2016-02-22T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1456136657000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Fast, Highly-Sensitive, and Wide-Dynamic-Range Interdigitated Capacitor Glucose Biosensor Using Solvatochromic Dye-Containing Sensing Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Khalilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Won","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, Definition and description of diabetes mellitus, American diabetes association, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2613584\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy. Available online: http:\/\/www.aapos.org\/terms\/conditions\/42."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epidemiology_of_ diabetes_mellitus#cite_note-2."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Diabetes mellitus. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes_mellitus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.08.038","article-title":"Wireless enzyme sensor system for real-time monitoring of blood glucose levels in fish","volume":"24","author":"Endoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1021\/ed078p788","article-title":"Bioanalytical experiments for the undergraduate laboratory: Monitoring glucose in sports drinks","volume":"78","author":"Gooding","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.05.018","article-title":"Optical colorimetric sensor strip for direct readout glucose measurement","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5580","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3765(20021216)8:24<5580::AID-CHEM5580>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"New colorimetric detection of glucose by means of electron-accepting indicators: Ligand substitution of [Fe(acac)3\u2212n(phen)n]n+ complexes triggered by electron transfer from glucose oxidase","volume":"8","author":"Morikawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.03.046","article-title":"Conductometric glucose biosensor made with cellulose and tin oxide hybrid nanocomposite","volume":"157","author":"Mahadeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)15359-4","article-title":"Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors: A perspective and an evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Toghill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.10.002","article-title":"Fluorescence-based glucose sensors","volume":"20","author":"Pickup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27560","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.027560","article-title":"Fabrication of glucose fiber sensor based on immobilized GOD technique for rapid measurement","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104401","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2360174","article-title":"Fiber optic glucose biosensor","volume":"45","author":"Villar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.12.057","article-title":"Fiber optic glucose sensor based on bionanofilms","volume":"131","author":"Corres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.5.001926","article-title":"Improved noncontact optical sensor for detection of glucose concentration and indication of dehydration level","volume":"5","author":"Ozana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1084-885","article-title":"A miniature optical glucose sensor based on affinity binding","volume":"2","author":"Mansouri","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.06.007","article-title":"Fibre optic glucose sensor","volume":"29","author":"Binu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.10.006","article-title":"Preliminary investigations on a glucose biosensor based on the potentiometric principle","volume":"123","author":"Liao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.12.072","article-title":"A fast and sensitive potentiometric glucose microsensor based on glucose oxidase coated ZnO nanowires grown on a thin silver wire","volume":"145","author":"Nur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.07.054","article-title":"Potentiometric glucose biosensor based on core\u2013shell Fe3O4\u2013enzyme\u2013polypyrrole nano particles","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.11.003","article-title":"Novel potentiometric approach in glucose biosensor using silver nanoparticles as redox marker","volume":"137","author":"Ngeontae","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7063","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101303s","article-title":"Pulse-voltammetric glucose detection at gold junction electrodes","volume":"82","author":"Rassaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.12.102","article-title":"A novel amperometric glucose sensor based on PtIr nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on carbon nanotubes","volume":"91","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06891","article-title":"Development of amperometric glucose biosensor based on prussian blue functionlized TiO2 nanotube arrays","volume":"4","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2014.10.015","article-title":"Amperometric bioelectronic tongue for glucose determination","volume":"3","author":"Njagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Bio-Sens. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.05.002","article-title":"Amperometric glucose sensor based on 3D ordered nickel\u2013palladium nanomaterial supported by silicon MCP array","volume":"141","author":"Miao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2010.06.009","article-title":"Amperometric glucose sensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized on gelatin-multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"80","author":"Periasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.02.044","article-title":"Amperometric glucose sensor based on nickel nanoparticles\/carbon Vulcan XC-72R","volume":"47","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.01.046","article-title":"Flow-injection amperometric determination of glucose using a biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase on to Au seeds decorated on core Fe3O4 nanoparticles","volume":"142","author":"Samphao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B102","DOI":"10.1149\/2.001406jes","article-title":"Enhanced sensitivity using microfluidic, interdigitated microelectrode based capacitance glucose sensor measured at 4 MHz","volume":"161","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2009.2019958","article-title":"Glucose detection with a commercial MOSFET using a ZnO nanowires extended gate","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13201","DOI":"10.3390\/s150613201","article-title":"Highly sensitive multi-channel IDC sensor array for low concentration taste detection","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cell Constant of Interdigitated Electrodes. Available online: http:\/\/www.mosaic-industries.com\/ embedded-systems\/instrumentation\/conductivity-meter\/microfabricated-planar-interdigitatedelectrodes-cell-constant."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00032a005","article-title":"Solvatochromic dyes as solvent polarity indicators","volume":"94","author":"Reichardt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00205a015","article-title":"Nile Red as a solvatochromic dye for measuring solvent strength in normal liquids and mixtures of normal liquids with supercritical and near critical fluids","volume":"62","author":"Deye","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1021\/ar00175a004","article-title":"Solvatochromism and solvent polarity scales","volume":"23","author":"Buncel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23321","DOI":"10.3390\/s141223321","article-title":"A high sensitivity and wide dynamic range fiber-optic sensor for low-concentration VOC gas detection","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2015.3480","article-title":"Highly sensitive fiber-optic volatile organic compound gas sensor using a solvatochromic-dye containing polymer waveguide based on pulse-width modulation technique","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20119","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.020119","article-title":"Fiber-optic multi-sensor array for detection of low concentration volatile organic compounds","volume":"21","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Physiology of Taste. Available online: http:\/\/www.vivo.colostate.edu\/hbooks\/pathphys\/digestion\/ pregastric\/taste.html."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Blood Sugar Level Ranges. Available online: http:\/\/www.diabetes.co.uk\/diabetes_care\/blood-sugar- level-ranges.html."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"237","article-title":"Taste sensing with polyacrylamide grafted cellulose","volume":"65","author":"Majumdar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.11.085","article-title":"High-performance field-effect transistor-type glucose biosensor based on nanohybrids of carboxylated polypyrrole nanotube wrapped graphene sheet transducer","volume":"208","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1039\/C0AN00430H","article-title":"A fluorescence lifetime-based fibre-optic glucose sensor using glucose\/galactose-binding protein","volume":"136","author":"Saxl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toko, K. (2000). Biomimetic Sensor Technology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541179"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Electronic Tongue Systems for Food and Environmental Applications. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.131.3110&rep=rep1&type=pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/2\/265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:19:27Z","timestamp":1760210367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/2\/265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s16020265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16020265","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,20]]}}}