{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:06Z","timestamp":1760242686576,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,27]],"date-time":"2016-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using the multiple advantages of the ultra-highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technique, Staphylococcus protein A (SPA) functionalized gold-magnetic nanoparticles and phage displayed antibodies, and using gold-magnetic nanoparticles coated with SPA and coupled with a polyclonal antibody (pcAb) as magnetic capturing probes, and Ru(bpy)32+-labeled phage displayed antibody as a specific luminescence probe, this study reports a new way to detect ricin with a highly sensitive and specific ECL immunosensor and amplify specific detection signals. The linear detection range of the sensor was 0.0001~200 \u00b5g\/L, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0001 \u00b5g\/L, which is 2500-fold lower than that of the conventional ELISA technique. The gold-magnetic nanoparticles, SPA and Ru(bpy)32+-labeled phage displayed antibody displayed different amplifying effects in the ECL immunosensor and can decrease LOD 3-fold, 3-fold and 20-fold, respectively, compared with the ECL immunosensors without one of the three effects. The integrated amplifying effect can decrease the LOD 180-fold. The immunosensor integrates the unique advantages of SPA-coated gold-magnetic nanoparticles that improve the activity of the functionalized capturing probe, and the amplifying effect of the Ru(bpy)32+-labeled phage displayed antibodies, so it increases specificity, interference-resistance and decreases LOD. It is proven to be well suited for the analysis of trace amounts of ricin in various environmental samples with high recovery ratios and reproducibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]],"date-time":"2016-02-29T10:55:59Z","timestamp":1456743359000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor Based on Gold-Magnetic Nanoparticles and Phage Displayed Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xihui","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]},{"given":"Qibin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]},{"given":"Lanqun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.11.011","article-title":"Current trends in the development of the electrochemiluminescent mmunosensors","volume":"54","author":"Muzyka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. 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