{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:31:37Z","timestamp":1777037497151,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]],"date-time":"2016-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveforms are used to acquire pulse rate (PR) measurements from pulsatile arterial blood volume. PPG waveforms are highly susceptible to motion artifacts (MA), limiting the implementation of PR measurements in mobile physiological monitoring devices. Previous studies have shown that multichannel photoplethysmograms can successfully acquire diverse signal information during simple, repetitive motion, leading to differences in motion tolerance across channels. In this paper, we investigate the performance of a custom-built multichannel forehead-mounted photoplethysmographic sensor under a variety of intense motion artifacts. We introduce an advanced multichannel template-matching algorithm that chooses the channel with the least motion artifact to calculate PR for each time instant. We show that for a wide variety of random motion, channels respond differently to motion artifacts, and the multichannel estimate outperforms single-channel estimates in terms of motion tolerance, signal quality, and PR errors. We have acquired 31 data sets consisting of PPG waveforms corrupted by random motion and show that the accuracy of PR measurements achieved was increased by up to 2.7 bpm when the multichannel-switching algorithm was compared to individual channels. The percentage of PR measurements with error \u2264 5 bpm during motion increased by 18.9% when the multichannel switching algorithm was compared to the mean PR from all channels. Moreover, our algorithm enables automatic selection of the best signal fidelity channel at each time point among the multichannel PPG data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]],"date-time":"2016-03-07T10:25:00Z","timestamp":1457346300000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Improving Pulse Rate Measurements during Random Motion Using a Wearable Multichannel Reflectance Photoplethysmograph"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6955-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Warren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki","family":"Chon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yitzhak","family":"Mendelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000269522.84942.54","article-title":"The light-tissue interaction of pulse oximetry","volume":"105","author":"Mannheimer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mendelson, Y. (2006). Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2157","article-title":"Active noise cancellation using mems acceerometers for motion-tolerant wearable bio-sensors","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Asada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Comtois, G., Mendelson, Y., and Ramuka, P. (2007). Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-005-0008-y","article-title":"A computational system to optimise noise rejection in photoplethysmography signals during motion or poor perfusion states","volume":"44","author":"Foo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/12\/003","article-title":"Improved elimination of motion artifacts from a photoplethysmographic signal using a kalman smoother with simultaneous accelerometry","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2168","article-title":"A motion-tolerant adaptive algorithm for wearable photoplethysmographic biosensors","volume":"18","author":"Yousefi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011493521730","article-title":"Masimo signal extraction pulse oximetry","volume":"16","author":"Goldman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2011.2175832","article-title":"A novel approach for motion artifact reduction in ppg signals based on as-lms adaptive filter","volume":"61","author":"Ram","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2011.2161304","article-title":"Ratiometric artifact reduction in low power reflective photoplethysmography","volume":"5","author":"Patterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Shimazaki, T., Hara, S., Okuhata, H., and Nakamura, H. (2014). Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.11.117007","article-title":"Reducing motion artifacts in photoplethysmograms by using relative sensor motion: Phantom study","volume":"17","author":"Wijshoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N17","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/23\/3\/402","article-title":"Analysis of the photoplethysmographic signal by means of the decomposition in principle components","volume":"23","author":"Enriquez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.869784","article-title":"Motion artifact reduction in photoplethysmography using independent component analysis","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2039568","article-title":"Two-stage approach for detection and reduction of motion artifacts in photoplethysmographic data","volume":"57","author":"Krishnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-13-50","article-title":"Motion artifact removal from photoplethysmographic signals by combining temporally constrained independent component analysis and adaptive filter","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1030-8","article-title":"Photoplethysmograph signal reconstruction based on a novel motion aritfact detection-reduction approach part II: Motion and noise artifact removal","volume":"42","author":"Salehizadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1080-y","article-title":"Photoplethysmograph signal reconstruction based on a novel hybrid motion artifact detection-reduction approach. Part I: Motion and noise artifact detection","volume":"42","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2011.2167717","article-title":"A wireless reflectance pulse oximeter with digital baseline control for unfiltered photoplethysmograms","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5489(03)00077-1","article-title":"Design of filter to reject motion artifact of pulse oximetry","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2011.2157822","article-title":"Onboard tagging for real-time quality assesment of photoplethysmograms acquired by a wireless reflectance pulse oximeter","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"701","article-title":"The periodic moving average filter for removing motion artifacts from ppg signals","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Control Autom. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Baca, A., Biagetti, G., Camilletti, M., Crippa, P., Falaschetti, L., Orcioni, S., Rossini, L., Tonelli, D., and Turchetti, C. (2015). European Signal Processing Conference, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehizadeh, S.M.A., Dao, D., Bolkhovsky, J., Cho, C., Mendelson, Y., and Chon, K.H. (2016). A novel time-varying spectral filtering algorithm for reconstruction of motion artifact corrupted heart rate signals during intense physical activities using a wearable photoplethysmogram sensor. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010010"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"326","article-title":"Frequency domain SpO2 estimation based on multichannel photoplethysmographic measurements at the sternum","volume":"Volume 25","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2007.910900","article-title":"Multichannel reflective ppg earpiece sensor with passive motion cancellation","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000278134.47777.a5","article-title":"The effect of motion on pulse oximetry and its clinical significance","volume":"105","author":"Petterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Dao, D.K., Mendelson, Y., and Chon, K.H. (2013). IEEE International Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN), IEEE."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1109\/10.7286","article-title":"Noninvasive pulse oximetry utilizing skin reflectance photoplethysmography","volume":"35","author":"Mendelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"832","article-title":"Signal-quality indices for the electrocardiogram and photoplethysmogram: Derivation and applications to wireless monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Orphanidou","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Masimo (2012). Masimo Radical-57: Operator\u2019s Manual, Masimo Corporation."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/342\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:20:15Z","timestamp":1760210415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s16030342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16030342","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]]}}}