{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:13Z","timestamp":1760242693822,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]],"date-time":"2016-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transmission speed of acoustic waves in water is much slower than that of radio waves in terrestrial wireless sensor networks. Thus, the propagation delay in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) is much greater. Longer propagation delay leads to complicated communication and collision problems. To solve collision problems, some studies have proposed waiting mechanisms; however, long waiting mechanisms result in low bandwidth utilization. To improve throughput, this study proposes a slotted medium access control protocol to enhance bandwidth utilization in UASNs. The proposed mechanism increases communication by exploiting temporal and spatial resources that are typically idle in order to protect communication against interference. By reducing wait time, network performance and energy consumption can be improved. A performance evaluation demonstrates that when the data packets are large or sensor deployment is dense, the energy consumption of proposed protocol is less than that of existing protocols as well as the throughput is higher than that of existing protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]],"date-time":"2016-03-08T10:14:25Z","timestamp":1457432065000},"page":"343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Protocol to Exploit Waiting Resources for UASNs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Li-Ling","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Aletheia University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4503-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Jeng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Aletheia University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1145\/1347364.1347372","article-title":"A Survey of Practical Issues in Underwater Networks","volume":"11","author":"Partan","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4481339","article-title":"A Survey on Spectrum Management in Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"46","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molins, M., and Stojanovic, M. (2006, January 16\u201319). Slotted FAMA: A MAC protocol for underwater acoustic networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2006, Asia Pacific, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSAP.2006.4393832"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2013.06.007","article-title":"An Underwater Acoustic MAC Protocol Using Reverse Opportunistic Packet Appending","volume":"57","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, Y., Wang, P., Lee, U., Torres, D., and Gerla, M. (2010, January 5\u20138). DOTS: A Propagation Delay-Aware Opportunistic MAC Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference Network Protocols (ICNP), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2010.5762767"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2012.2203060","article-title":"Throughput of Networks with Large Propagation Delays","volume":"37","author":"Chitre","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.J., and Wang, H.L. (October, January 29). Ordered CSMA: A Collision-Free MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2007, Vancouver, BC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2007.4449386"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, L., Hong, F., Guo, Z., and Yang, X. (2008, January 12\u201314). A TDMA-Based MAC Protocol in Underwater Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiCom.2008.838"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.H., Shin, S.-Y., and Park, S.-H. (2008, January 2\u20134). Efficiency Reservation MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management, Gyeongju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCM.2008.206"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ng, H.-H., Soh, W.-S., and Motani, M. (December, January 30). MACA-U: A media access protocol for underwater acoustic networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), New Orleans, LO, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Frater, M., and Ryan, M. (2007, January 16\u201319). A Propagation-Delay-Tolerant Collision Avoidance Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS, Asia Pacific, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANSE.2007.4302236"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, P., and Cui, J.H. (2007, January 1\u20133). R-MAC: An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems and Applications (WASA), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WASA.2007.37"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2013.2239812","article-title":"Robust Spatial Reuse Scheduling in Underwater Acoustic Communication Networks","volume":"39","author":"Diamant","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2012.2227553","article-title":"A Bidirectional-Concurrent MAC Protocol with Packet Bursting for Underwater Acoustic Networks","volume":"38","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., and Lou, W. (2011, January 27\u201330). Interference-Aware Spatio-Temporal Link Scheduling for Long Delay Underwater Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2011 8th Annual IEEE Sensor Communications Society Conference on Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2011.5984927"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2012.2229065","article-title":"Joint Time and Spatial Reuse Handshake Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Communication Networks","volume":"38","author":"Diamant","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2339-9","article-title":"A Receiver-Initiated MAC Protocol with Packet Train Design for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","volume":"82","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Person. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-D., Liu, S.-S., Chang, C.-M., and Shih, K.-P. (2011, January 19\u201322). CS-MAC: A Channel Stealing MAC Protocol for Improving Bandwidth Utilization in Underwater Wireless Acoustic Networks. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2011, Waikoloa, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2012.2197271","article-title":"Optimized Packet Size Selection in Underwater Wireless Network Communications","volume":"37","author":"Basagni","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Xiao, Y., and Zhang, J. (2009, January 14\u201318). A Linear Time Synchronization Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2009.5198622"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Hu, X., Xiao, J., Wang, D., and Lei, W. (2009, January 20\u201322). Implementation of Timing Synchronization for OFDM Underwater Communication System on FPGA. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Anti-Counterfeiting, Security, and Identification in Communication, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.13","article-title":"DA-Sync: A Doppler-Assisted Time-Synchronization Scheme for Mobile Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klungmontri, C., Nilkhamhang, I., Covanich, W., and Isshiki, T. (2015, January 22\u201324). Underwater positioning systems for underwater robots using trilateration algorithm. Proceedings of the International Conference of Information and Communication Technology for Embedded Systems (IC-ICTES), Hua-Hin, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTEmSys.2015.7110840"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karim, L., Mahmoud, Q.H., Nasser, N., Anpalagan, A., and Khan, N. (2015). Localization in terrestrial and underwater sensor-based M2M communication networks: Architecture, classification and challenges. Int. J. Commun. Syst.","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.2997"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:20:18Z","timestamp":1760210418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s16030343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16030343","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]]}}}