{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:14:46Z","timestamp":1774664086857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, software-defined radio (SDR) has become a common approach to evaluate new algorithms. However, in the field of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) adaptive array anti-jamming, previous work has been limited due to the high computational power demanded by adaptive algorithms, and often lack flexibility and configurability. In this paper, the design and implementation of an SDR-based real-time testbed for GNSS adaptive array anti-jamming accelerated by a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) are documented. This testbed highlights itself as a feature-rich and extendible platform with great flexibility and configurability, as well as high computational performance. Both Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) and Space-Frequency Adaptive Processing (SFAP) are implemented with a wide range of parameters. Raw data from as many as eight antenna elements can be processed in real-time in either an adaptive nulling or beamforming mode. To fully take advantage of the parallelism resource provided by the GPU, a batched method in programming is proposed. Tests and experiments are conducted to evaluate both the computational and anti-jamming performance. This platform can be used for research and prototyping, as well as a real product in certain applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T11:03:45Z","timestamp":1457953425000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An SDR-Based Real-Time Testbed for GNSS Adaptive Array Anti-Jamming Algorithms Accelerated by GPU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hailong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Weiqing Building, Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Weiqing Building, Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingquan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Weiqing Building, Tsinghua, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Interference mitigation approaches for the global positioning system","volume":"14","author":"Sklar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Linc. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Marcel, B.F., Gr\u00e9goire, W., Cyril, B., and Pierre-Andr\u00e9, F. (2009, January 3\u20136). Real-Time GNSS Software Receiver: Challenges, Status and Perspectives. Proceedings of the European Navigation Conference\u2014Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Sto\u0308ber, C., Anghileri, M., Ayaz, A.S., Do\u0308tterbo\u0308ck, D., Kramer, I., and Kropp, V. (2010, January 15\u201317). ipexSR: A real-time multi-frequency software GNSS receiver. Proceedings of the 2010 ELMAR, Zadar, Yugoslavia."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.5081\/jgps.7.2.156","article-title":"Architecture and Benefits of an Advanced GNSS Software Receiver","volume":"7","author":"Petovello","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Glob. Position. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"60","article-title":"Software GNSS Receiver","volume":"23","author":"Pany","year":"2012","journal-title":"GPS World."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Huang, B., Yao, Z., Guo, F., Deng, S., Cui, X., and Lu, M. (2013, January 28\u201330). STARx\u2014A GPU Based Multi-System Full-Band Real-Time GNSS Software Receiver. Proceedings of International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8966","DOI":"10.3390\/s110908966","article-title":"A Real-Time Capable Software-Defined Receiver Using GPU for Adaptive Anti-Jam GPS Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13417","DOI":"10.3390\/s121013417","article-title":"Design and implementation of real-time software radio for anti-interference GPS\/WAAS sensors","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Molero, J., Garzn, E., Garca, I., Quintana-Ort, E., and Plaza, A. (2013). Poster: A Batched Cholesky Solver for Local RX Anomaly Detection on GPUs, PUMPS."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"NVIDIA (2015). Cublas Library, NVIDIA Corporation."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Misra, P., and Enge, P. (2011). Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, and Performance, Ganga-Jamuna Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1984.310466","article-title":"A simple method for sampling in-phase and quadrature components","volume":"AES-20","author":"Rader","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Shirriff, K.W. (1995). Sawmill: A logging File System for A High-Performance Raid Disk Array, University of California."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Trees, V., and Harry, L. (2002). Optimum Array Processing: Part IV of Detection, Estimation, and Modulation, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1109\/7.845241","article-title":"Wideband cancellation of interference in a GPS receive array","volume":"36","author":"Fante","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2004.829850","article-title":"Space-frequency adaptive processing (SFAP) for radio frequency interference mitigation in spread-spectrum receivers","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2003.814309","article-title":"Antenna and receiver system with digital beamforming for satellite navigation and communications","volume":"51","author":"Drefer","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9669","DOI":"10.3390\/s140609669","article-title":"Precise Calibration of a GNSS Antenna Array for Adaptive Beamforming Applications","volume":"14","author":"Daneshmand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1109\/7.7181","article-title":"Covariance matrix estimation errors and diagonal loading in adaptive arrays","volume":"24","author":"Carlson","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"291","article-title":"An ultralow-sidelobe adaptive array antenna","volume":"3","author":"Carlson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Linc. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Moore, T.D. (2002). Analytic Study of Space-Time and Space-Frequency Adaptive Processing for Radio Frequency Interference Suppression. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University]."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Oppenheim, A.V., Schafer, R.W., and Buck, J.R. (1989). Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(02)00389-4","article-title":"Digital equalisation in adaptive spatial filtering for radar systems: A survey","volume":"83","author":"Farina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(01)00111-6","article-title":"Performance limitations in adaptive spatial filtering","volume":"81","author":"Farina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1109\/22.79107","article-title":"An experimental adaptive nulling receiver utilizing the sample matrix inversion algorithm with channel equalization","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kai, B., and Akos, D. (2007, January 25\u201328). A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver: Single-Frequency Approach. Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsui, B.J. (2000). Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers, Wiley-Interscience.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471200549"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Nicholas, W. (2013). The Cuda Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to GPU Programming, Pearson Education."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Kirk, D.B., and Wen-Mei, W.H. (2012). Programming Massively Parallel Processors: A Hands-on Approach, Newnes."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"NVIDIA (2015). Nvidia Cuda c Programming Guide, NVIDIA Corporation."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"NVIDIA (2014). Cuda c Best Practices Guide, NVIDIA Corporation."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Vasily, V. (2010, January 20\u201323). Better performance at lower occupancy. Proceedings of the GPU Technology Conference, GTC, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Vasily, V. (July, January 29). Use registers and multiple outputs per thread on GPU. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Parallel Matrix Algorithms and Applications (PMAA\u201910), Basel, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Vasily, V. (2011). Unrolling Parallel Loops, University of California."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"NVIDIA (2010). CUDA SDK, NVIDIA Corporation."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Vicario, J.L., Antreich, F., Barcelo, M., Basta, N., Cebrian, J., Cuntz, M., Gago, O., Gonzalez, L., Heckler, M.V.T., and Lavin, C. (2010, January 21\u201324). ADIBEAM: Adaptive digital beamforming for Galileo reference ground stations. Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2010), Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(02)00507-8","article-title":"Effect of ADC and receiver saturation on adaptive spatial filtering of directional interference","volume":"83","author":"Farina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1145\/103162.103163","article-title":"What every computer scientist should know about floating-point arithmetic","volume":"23","author":"Goldberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-f-1.1983.0002","article-title":"Adaptive array processing: A tutorial","volume":"130","author":"Griffiths","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEE Proc. F Commun. Radar Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/8.1070","article-title":"The relationship between tapped delay-line and FFT processing in adaptive arrays","volume":"36","author":"Compton","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:20:34Z","timestamp":1760210434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s16030356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16030356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]}}}