{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T22:44:45Z","timestamp":1773960285089,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61273072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61273072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Major Foundation of Research Instrumentation of China","award":["61427808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61427808"]}]},{"name":"the Key Foundation of China","award":["61333009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61333009"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Basic Research Program of China","award":["2012CB821204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB821204"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Existing node deployment algorithms for underwater sensor networks are nearly unable to improve the network coverage rate under the premise of ensuring the full network connectivity and do not optimize the communication and move energy consumption during the deployment. Hence, a node deployment algorithm based on connected dominating set (CDS) is proposed. After randomly sowing the nodes in 3D monitoring underwater space, disconnected nodes move to the sink node until the network achieves full connectivity. The sink node then performs centralized optimization to determine the CDS and adjusts the locations of dominated nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a high coverage rate while ensuring full connectivity and decreases the communication and movement energy consumption during deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T11:35:47Z","timestamp":1458214547000},"page":"388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Node Deployment Algorithm for Underwater Sensor Networks Based on Connected Dominating Set"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, 310018 Hangzhou, China"},{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, 310018 Hangzhou, China"},{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, 310018 Hangzhou, China"},{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, China"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, 310018 Hangzhou, China"},{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, China"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, 310018 Hangzhou, China"},{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"Practical deployments of wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"3","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Netw. Serv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bri, D., Garcia, M., Lloret, J., and Dini, P. (2009, January 18\u201323). Real deployments of wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORCOMM.2009.69"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Jonathan, L., Jaime, L.M., and Jesus, H.O. (2011). Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0214","article-title":"Underwater sensor networks: applications, advances and challenges","volume":"370","author":"Heidemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senel, F., Akkaya, K., and Yilmaz, T. (2013, January 21\u201324). Autonomous deployment of sensors for maximized coverage and guaranteed connectivity in underwater acoustic sensor networks. Proceedings of the thirty-eighth Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2013.6761236"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, G.J., Zhang, C.Y., Shu, L., Sun, L., and Li, Q.W. (2013). A survey on deployment algorithms in underwater acoustic sensor networks. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/314049"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felamban, M., Shihada, B., and Jamshaid, K. (2013, January 25\u201328). Optimal node placement in underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2013.40"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2004.10.008","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks for underwater survelliance systems","volume":"4","author":"Cayirci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.05.011","article-title":"Towards efficient dynamic surface gateway deployment for underwater network","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1004.2012.00295","article-title":"Fish swarm inspired underwater sensor deployment","volume":"38","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15262","DOI":"10.3390\/s140815262","article-title":"Particle swarm inspired underwater sensor self-deployment","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Liu, B., Ren, F.Y., Lin, C., Yang, Y.C., Zeng, R.F., and Wen, H. (December, January 30). The redeployment issue in underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the Global Telecommunications Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"204","article-title":"Deploying three-dimensional mobile sensor networks based on virtual forces algorithm","volume":"334","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zou, Y., and Chakrabarty, K. (April, January 30). Sensor deployment and target localization based on virtual forces. Proceedings of the Twenty second Annual Joint Conference of Computer and Communications, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2007.05.003","article-title":"Strategies and techniques for node placement in wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"6","author":"Younis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.091213.00018","article-title":"Classification of wireless sensor networks deployment techniques","volume":"16","author":"Deif","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.05.017","article-title":"A delaunay triangulation based method for wireless sensor network deployment","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jourdan, D.B., and Weck De, O.L. (2004, January 17\u201319). Layout optimization for a wireless sensor network using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Proceedings of the Fifty-ninth IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology, Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5395","article-title":"Sensor deployment using particle swarm optimization","volume":"2","author":"Kukunuru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2008.07.010","article-title":"Three-dimensional and two-dimensional deployment analysis for underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"7","author":"Pompili","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1142\/S021812661100775X","article-title":"A deployment algorithm for underwater sensor networks in ocean environment","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Circuits Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2009.04.002","article-title":"Self-deployment of sensors for maximized coverage in underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"32","author":"Akkaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.09.013","article-title":"Self-deployment of mobile underwater acoustic sensor networks for maximized coverage and guaranteed connectivity","volume":"34","author":"Senel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29997","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229786","article-title":"Node non-uniform deployment based on clustering algorithm for underwater sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16763","DOI":"10.3390\/s150716763","article-title":"Node deployment algorithm based on connected tree for underwater sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, P., Xu, Y., and Wu, F. (2016). Node self-deployment algorithm based on an uneven cluster with radius adjusting for underwater sensor networks. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010098"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, P., Liu, J., Ruan, B., Jiang, L., and Wu, F. (2016). A new node deployment and location dispatch algorithm for underwater sensor networks. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010082"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1145\/1347364.1347372","article-title":"A survey of practical issues in underwater networks","volume":"11","author":"Partan","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/48.820738","article-title":"Underwater acoustic networks","volume":"25","author":"Sozer","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2012.11.020","article-title":"Approximation algorithms for load-balanced virtual backbone construction in wireless sensor networks","volume":"507","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kui, X.Y., Sheng, Y., Du, H.K., and Liang, J.B. (2013). Constructing a CDS-based network backbone for data collection in wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/258081"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:20:53Z","timestamp":1760210453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s16030388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16030388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]]}}}