{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:59:31Z","timestamp":1772765971841,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Technology Research and Development Program of China","award":["2013AA041108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013AA041108"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51421004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51421004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["51325503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51325503"]}]},{"name":"Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China","award":["IRT_14R45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT_14R45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a three-component fixed dynamometer based on a strain gauge, which reduces output errors produced by the cutting force imposed on different milling positions of the workpiece. A reformative structure of tri-layer cross beams is proposed, sensitive areas were selected, and corresponding measuring circuits were arranged to decrease the inaccuracy brought about by positional variation. To simulate the situation with a milling cutter moving on the workpiece and validate the function of reducing the output errors when the milling position changes, both static calibration and dynamic milling tests were implemented on different parts of the workpiece. Static experiment results indicate that with standard loads imposed, the maximal deviation between the measured forces and the standard inputs is 4.87%. The results of the dynamic milling test illustrate that with identical machining parameters, the differences in output variation between the developed sensor and standard dynamometer are no larger than 6.61%. Both static and dynamic experimental results demonstrate that the developed dynamometer is suitable for measuring milling force imposed on different positions of the workpiece, which shows potential applicability in machining a monitoring system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]],"date-time":"2016-03-21T11:14:24Z","timestamp":1458558864000},"page":"405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development of a Tri-Axial Cutting Force Sensor for the Milling Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yingxue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyou","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of EMU Application and Maintenance Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunxiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-6115-x","article-title":"Study of machining parameter optimization in high speed milling of Inconel 718 curved surface based on cutting force","volume":"75","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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[3rd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/405\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:21:00Z","timestamp":1760210460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/3\/405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s16030405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16030405","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]]}}}