{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:08:22Z","timestamp":1777896502179,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal comfort is an essential environmental factor related to quality of life and work effectiveness. We assessed the feasibility of wrist skin temperature monitoring for estimating subjective thermal sensation. We invented a wrist band that simultaneously monitors skin temperatures from the wrist (i.e., the radial artery and ulnar artery regions, and upper wrist) and the fingertip. Skin temperatures from eight healthy subjects were acquired while thermal sensation varied. To develop a thermal sensation estimation model, the mean skin temperature, temperature gradient, time differential of the temperatures, and average power of frequency band were calculated. A thermal sensation estimation model using temperatures of the fingertip and wrist showed the highest accuracy (mean root mean square error [RMSE]: 1.26 \u00b1 0.31). An estimation model based on the three wrist skin temperatures showed a slightly better result to the model that used a single fingertip skin temperature (mean RMSE: 1.39 \u00b1 0.18). When a personalized thermal sensation estimation model based on three wrist skin temperatures was used, the mean RMSE was 1.06 \u00b1 0.29, and the correlation coefficient was 0.89. Thermal sensation estimation technology based on wrist skin temperatures, and combined with wearable devices may facilitate intelligent control of one\u2019s thermal environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T11:40:54Z","timestamp":1458733254000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Estimation of Thermal Sensation Based on Wrist Skin Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo","family":"Sim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]},{"given":"Myung","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kwang","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]},{"given":"Seungwoo","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeoungtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sangyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeoungtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Korea"}]},{"given":"Youn","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeoungtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kwang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ASHRAE (2004). ANSI\/ASHRAE Standard 55\u20132004: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.573.381","article-title":"Ban technology based wearable wireless sensors for real-time environments","volume":"573","author":"Venneti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakayama, K., Suzuki, T., and Kameyama, K. (2009, January 11\u201314). Estimation of thermal sensation using human peripheral skin temperature. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2009.5346126"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-012-0547-9","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks and human comfort index","volume":"17","author":"Rawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit Comput"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Garcia-Souto, M. (2012). Temperature and Comfort Monitoring Systems for Humans. [Ph.D. Thesis, Queen Mary University of London]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2006.06.035","article-title":"Observations of upper-extremity skin temperature and corresponding overall-body thermal sensations and comfort","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Fanger, P.O. (1970). Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering, Danish Technical Press."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Gagge, A.P., Fobelets, A.P., and Berglund, L.G. (1986, January 22\u201325). A standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment. Proceedings of ASHRAE Transactions, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1323(02)00027-6","article-title":"A new approach for measuring predicted mean vote (PMV) and standard effective temperature (SET\u2217)","volume":"38","author":"Ye","year":"2003","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugimoto, C. (2013, January 3\u20135). Human sensing using wearable wireless sensors for smart environments. Proceedings of 2013 Seventh International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), Wellington, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSensT.2013.6727640"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.06.004","article-title":"Prediction of whole-body thermal sensation in the non-steady state based on skin temperature","volume":"68","author":"Takada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X07084291","article-title":"Experimental study on skin temperature and thermal comfort of the human body in a recumbent posture under uniform thermal environments","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indoor Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Humphreys, M.A., McCartney, K.J., Nicol, J., and Raja, I.A. (1999, January 8\u201313). An analysis of some observations of the finger temperature and thermal comfort of office workers. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Edinburgh, Scotland."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.07.003","article-title":"Investigation of human body skin temperatures as a bio-signal to indicate overall thermal sensations","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.01.025","article-title":"Influence of thermophysiology on thermal behavior: The essentials of categorization","volume":"128","author":"Jacquot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2009.06.018","article-title":"Thermal sensation and comfort models for non-uniform and transient environments: Part I: Local sensation of individual body parts","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Build Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"33","article-title":"Thermoreception and temperature regulation","volume":"38","author":"Hensel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Monogr. Physiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.1991.00009.x","article-title":"Temperature transients: A model for heat diffusion through the skin, thermoreceptor response and thermal sensation","volume":"4","author":"Ring","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0692-3","article-title":"Using skin temperature gradients or skin heat flux measurements to determine thresholds of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation","volume":"88","author":"House","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.07.008","article-title":"The influence of local effects on thermal sensation under non-uniform environmental conditions\u2014Gender differences in thermophysiology, thermal comfort and productivity during convective and radiant cooling","volume":"107","author":"Schellen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2011.00747.x","article-title":"Thermal comfort and gender: A literature review","volume":"22","author":"Karjalainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indoor Air"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/420\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:21:09Z","timestamp":1760210469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s16040420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16040420","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]]}}}