{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T23:51:35Z","timestamp":1772063495458,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,24]],"date-time":"2016-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs is often underestimated and, in the absence of therapy, results in increasingly severe complications, including therapy-resistant tissue defects. Therefore, early diagnosis and adequate therapy is of particular importance. External counter pulsation (ECP) therapy is a method used to assist the venous system. The main principle of ECP is to squeeze the inner leg vessels by muscle contractions, which are evoked by functional electrical stimulation. A new adaptive trigger method is proposed, which improves and supplements the current therapeutic options by means of pulse synchronous electro-stimulation of the muscle pump. For this purpose, blood flow is determined by multi-sensor plethysmography. The hardware design and signal processing of this novel multi-sensor plethysmography device are introduced. The merged signal is used to determine the phase of the cardiac cycle, to ensure stimulation of the muscle pump during the filling phase of the heart. The pulse detection of the system is validated against a gold standard and provides a sensitivity of 98% and a false-negative rate of 2% after physical exertion. Furthermore, flow enhancement of the system has been validated by duplex ultrasonography. The results show a highly increased blood flow in the popliteal vein at the knee.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,24]],"date-time":"2016-03-24T11:55:16Z","timestamp":1458820516000},"page":"428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["RheoStim: Development of an Adaptive Multi-Sensor to Prevent Venous Stasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Weyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Medical Information Technology, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Weishaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Medical Information Technology, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen 52074, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kleeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"tic Medizintechnik GmbH &amp; Co. 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