{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:46:41Z","timestamp":1768873601305,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technological Grant Agency of the Czech Republic","award":["TE1020022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TE1020022"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Youth and Sports of Czech Republic","award":["LO1204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LO1204"]}]},{"name":"Moravian-Silesian Region","award":["RRC\/07\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRC\/07\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering systems XI","award":["SP2015\/179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP2015\/179"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper describes the electrical plant response to mechanical stimulation monitored with the help of conducting polymers deposited on cotton fabric. Cotton fabric was coated with conducting polymers, polyaniline or polypyrrole, in situ during the oxidation of respective monomers in aqueous medium. Thus, modified fabrics were again coated with polypyrrole or polyaniline, respectively, in order to investigate any synergetic effect between both polymers with respect to conductivity and its stability during repeated dry cleaning. The coating was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The resulting fabrics have been used as electrodes to collect the electrical response to the stimulation of a Venus flytrap plant. This is a paradigm of the use of conducting polymers in monitoring of plant neurobiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]],"date-time":"2016-04-08T21:02:38Z","timestamp":1460149358000},"page":"498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Cotton Fabric Coated with Conducting Polymers and its Application in Monitoring of Carnivorous Plant Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"V\u00e1clav","family":"Bajgar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Penhaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Martinkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inotex Ltd, 544 01 Dvur Kralove nad Labem, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Pavlovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Han\u00e1 for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Bober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miroslava","family":"Trchov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Stejskal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2476","article-title":"Mechanism of the oxidative polymerization of aniline and the formation of supramolecular polyaniline structures","volume":"57","author":"Sapurina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.07.006","article-title":"Polyaniline nanostructures and the role of aniline oligomers in their formation","volume":"35","author":"Stejskal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2478\/s11696-013-0376-y","article-title":"Self-assembly of aniline oligomers and their induced polyaniline supramolecular structures","volume":"67","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2009.04.003","article-title":"Progress in preparation and applications of polyaniline","volume":"34","author":"Bhadra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2013.06.004","article-title":"Recent advances in polyaniline research: Polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications","volume":"177","year":"2013","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Stejskal, J., Trchov\u00e1, M., Bober, P., Humpol\u00ed\u010dek, P., Ka\u0161p\u00e1rkov\u00e1, V., Sapurina, I., Shishov, M.A., and Varga, M. (2015). Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Wiley Online Library, Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.012","article-title":"Conducting polymers in biomedical engineering","volume":"32","author":"Guimard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.07.020","article-title":"Tissue engineering of electrically responsive tissues using polyaniline based polymers: A review","volume":"35","author":"Qazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-08-2014-689","article-title":"Real-time wound management through integrated pH sensors: A review","volume":"35","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200274050857","article-title":"Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer (IUPAC technical report)","volume":"74","author":"Stejskal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2004.06.009","article-title":"Selective formation of polyaniline on wool by chemical polymerization, using potassium iodate","volume":"146","author":"Hirase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/app.21002","article-title":"Preparation of conducting nylon-6 electrospun fiber webs by the in situ polymerization of polyaniline","volume":"96","author":"Hong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517512452930","article-title":"A novel method of in situ chemical polymerization of polyaniline for synthesis of electrically conductive cotton fabrics","volume":"82","author":"Patil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.07.226","article-title":"A new nanocomposite: Carbon cloth based polyaniline for an electrochemical supercapacitor","volume":"111","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2013.03.135","article-title":"Fabrication of super-repellent cotton fabrics with rapid reversible wettability switching of diverse liquids","volume":"276","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517513515316","article-title":"Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of polyester fabrics with polyaniline deposition","volume":"84","author":"Engin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2014.07.025","article-title":"Effect of graphene oxide on the structural and electrochemical behavior of polypyrrole deposited on cotton fabric","volume":"1075","author":"Yaghoubidoust","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.08.105","article-title":"The deposition of globular polypyrrole and polypyrrole nanotubes on cotton fabric","volume":"156","author":"Bober","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.4870","article-title":"Development of polyaniline\/zinc oxide nanocomposite impregnated fabric as an electrostatic charge dissipative material","volume":"64","author":"Anand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02875782","article-title":"Putting function into fashion: Organic conducting polymer fibres and textiles","volume":"8","author":"Wallace","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5775","DOI":"10.1002\/app.23875","article-title":"Polyaniline\/poly(ethylene terephthalate) conducting composite fabric with improved fastness to washing","volume":"102","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.008","article-title":"A study on the electrical conductivity decay of polypyrrole coated wool textiles","volume":"89","author":"Varesano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2007.09.001","article-title":"Conductive polymer-coated textiles: The role of fabric treatment by pyrrole-functionalized triethoxysilane","volume":"157","author":"Krupa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2015.01.017","article-title":"Functionalization of cotton fabric with graphene oxide nanosheet and polyaniline for conductive and UV blocking properties","volume":"202","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"11255-1","article-title":"Electrical switchability and dry-wash durability of conductive textiles","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2007.10.070","article-title":"Preparation and enhanced capacitance of core-shell polypyrrole\/polyaniline composite electrode for supercapacitors","volume":"176","author":"Mi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/0954008312456048","article-title":"New polyaniline\/polypyrrole\/polythiophene and functionalized multiwalled carbion nanotube-based nanocomposites: Layer-by-layer in situ polymerization","volume":"25","author":"Hussain","year":"2013","journal-title":"High Perform. Polym."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.03.019","article-title":"Polypyrrole-polyaniline-Au (PPY-PANi-Au) nano composite films for label-free electrochemical DNA sensing","volume":"171\u2013172","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA14460G","article-title":"Controlled synthesis, core-shell structures and electrochemical properties of polyaniline\/polypyrrole composite nanofibers","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ay26127h","article-title":"Polypyrrole nanotubes-polyaniline composite for DNA detection using methylene blue as intercalator","volume":"5","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Meth."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1021\/am404751k","article-title":"Design of polypyrrole\/polyaniline double-walled nanotube arrays for electrochemical energy storage","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1515\/chempap-2015-0152","article-title":"Coaxial conducting polymer nanotubes: Polypyrrole nanotubes coated with polyaniline or poly(p-phenylenediamine) and products of their carbonization","volume":"69","author":"Stejskal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.907748","article-title":"Polypyrrole\/polyaniline composites with enhanced performance for capacitive deionization","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.04.065","article-title":"Investigations of poly(pyrrole)-coated cotton fabrics prepared in blends of anionic and cationic surfactants as flexible electrode","volume":"103","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2015.01.027","article-title":"In-situ deposition of polyaniline and polypyrrole electroconductive layers on textile surfaces by the reactive ink-jet printing technique","volume":"202","author":"Stempien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-014-1804-5","article-title":"Conductive cotton fabrics for heat generation prepared by mist polymerization","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fiber Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517514523180","article-title":"Dielectric and morphological studies of nanostructured polypyrrole-coated cotton fabrics","volume":"84","author":"Cetiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49062","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA07487H","article-title":"Study on flame retardant and UV-protection properties of cotton fabric functionalized with ppy-ZnO-CNT nanocomposite","volume":"5","author":"Yazhini","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-015-5172-6","article-title":"Polymer based fabrics as transducers in ammonia & ethanol gas sensing","volume":"16","author":"Deogaonkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fiber Polym."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x","article-title":"Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants","volume":"30","author":"Fromm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.00985.x","article-title":"Transient knockout of photosynthesis mediated by electrical signals","volume":"161","author":"Koziolek","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-006-0058-5","article-title":"Effect of ion channel inhibitors on cold and electrically-induced action potentials in Dionaea muscipula","volume":"50","author":"Krol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Libiakov\u00e1, M., Flokov\u00e1, K., Nov\u00e1k, O., Slov\u00e1kov\u00e1, L., and Pavlovi\u010d, A. (2014). Abundance of cysteine endopeptidase dionain in digestive fluid of Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) is regulated by different stimuli from prey through jasmonates. PLos ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104424"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(02)00498-8","article-title":"Synthesis and structural study of polypyrroles prepared in the presence of surfactants","volume":"138","author":"Stejskal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-006-0325-x","article-title":"Electrical and chemical signals involved in short-term systemic photosynthetic responses of tobacco plants to local burning","volume":"225","author":"Naus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-010-0032-0","article-title":"A low-noise multi-channel device for monitoring of systemic electrical signal propagation in plants","volume":"54","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200577050815","article-title":"Polyaniline: thin films and colloidal dispersions (IUPAC technical report)","volume":"77","author":"Stejskal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(99)00105-8","article-title":"In-situ polymerized polyaniline films","volume":"105","author":"Stejskal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14770","DOI":"10.1021\/jp502862d","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemistry of nanotubular polypyrrole and polypyrrole-derived carbon nanotubes","volume":"118","author":"Mentus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA45841E","article-title":"Polypyrrole nanotubes: Mechanism of formation","volume":"4","author":"Fitl","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.10.133","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy of polyaniline and oligoaniline thin films","volume":"122","author":"Stejskal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2006.06.021","article-title":"The role of ionic conductivity and interface in electrical resistance, ion transport and transmembrane redox reactions through polyaniline membranes","volume":"156","author":"Kocherginsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2605","article-title":"Mixed electron and proton conductivity of polyaniline films in aqueous solutions of acids: beyond the 1000 S\u00b7cm\u22121 limit","volume":"58","author":"Stejskal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.02.026","article-title":"Covalent bonding of polyaniline on fullerene: Enhanced electrical, ionic conductivities and electrochromic performances","volume":"67","author":"Xiong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/498\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:21:58Z","timestamp":1760210518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s16040498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16040498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,8]]}}}