{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:49Z","timestamp":1760242729219,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]],"date-time":"2016-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61472145,61272293,61233012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61472145,61272293,61233012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China","award":["20110172120026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20110172120026"]}]},{"name":"the Shenzhen Basic Research Project","award":["JCYJ20120619152326448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20120619152326448"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong","award":["S2013010014973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2013010014973"]}]},{"name":"RGC Fund","award":["417913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["417913"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund from Guangzhou Key Lab on Cloud Security and Assessment","award":["GZCSKL-1404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZCSKL-1404"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Planning Major Project of Guangdong Province","award":["2015A070711001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015A070711001"]}]},{"name":"RGC of the Hong Kong SAR, China","award":["UGC\/FDS11\/E03\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS11\/E03\/14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exterior orientation parameters\u2019 (EOP) estimation using space resection plays an important role in topographic reconstruction for push broom scanners. However, existing models of space resection are highly sensitive to errors in data. Unfortunately, for lunar imagery, the altitude data at the ground control points (GCPs) for space resection are error-prone. Thus, existing models fail to produce reliable EOPs. Motivated by a finding that for push broom scanners, angular rotations of EOPs can be estimated independent of the altitude data and only involving the geographic data at the GCPs, which are already provided, hence, we divide the modeling of space resection into two phases. Firstly, we estimate the angular rotations based on the reliable geographic data using our proposed mathematical model. Then, with the accurate angular rotations, the collinear equations for space resection are simplified into a linear problem, and the global optimal solution for the spatial position of EOPs can always be achieved. Moreover, a certainty term is integrated to penalize the unreliable altitude data for increasing the error tolerance. Experimental results evidence that our model can obtain more accurate EOPs and topographic maps not only for the simulated data, but also for the real data from Chang\u2019E-1, compared to the existing space resection model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]],"date-time":"2016-04-11T12:07:36Z","timestamp":1460376456000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Two-Phase Space Resection Model for Accurate Topographic Reconstruction from Lunar Imagery with PushbroomScanners"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuemiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaidong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kin","family":"Kwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Tseung Kwan O, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wai-Man","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Tseung Kwan O, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gansen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2013.05.013","article-title":"Generation of pixel-level resolution lunar dem based on Chang\u2019E-1 three-line imagery and laser altimeter data","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5432","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2288932","article-title":"A self-calibration bundle adjustment method for photogrammetric processing of chang\u2019E-2 stereo lunar imagery","volume":"52","author":"Di","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.01.023","article-title":"Integration of Chang\u2019E-2 imagery and LRO laser altimeter data with a combined block adjustment for precision lunar topographic modeling","volume":"391","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Franchis, C., Meinhardt-Llopis, E., Michel, J., Morel, J.M., and Facciala, G. (2014, January 13\u201318). Automatic sensor orientation refinement of Pleiades stereo images. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946762"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1179\/003962609X451681","article-title":"Space resection in photogrammetry using collinearity condition without linearisation","volume":"42","author":"Easa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"281","article-title":"Laser altimetry data of Chang\u2019E-1 and the global lunar DEM model","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cui, T.F., Chen, S.B., and Wang, J.R. (2009). Three-dimensional modeling of the lunar surface based on stereo camera onboard Chang\u2019E orbiter. Remote Sens. Land Resour., 4."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/34.615446","article-title":"Linear push broom cameras","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"105","article-title":"Dynamic photogrammetry","volume":"54","author":"Hofmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bildmess. Luftbildwes."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"458","article-title":"A simulation study on point determination for the MOMS-02\/D2 space project using an extended functional model","volume":"29","author":"Ebner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sen."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2005.12.004","article-title":"DEM generation from SPOT-5 3-fold along track stereoscopic imagery using autocalibration","volume":"60","author":"Kornus","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"522","article-title":"Potential of Ikonos and Quikbird Imagery for Accurate 3D Point Positioning, Orthoimage and DSM Generation","volume":"35","author":"Eisenbeiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Automated road extraction and updating using the ATOMI system performance comparison between aerial film, ADS40, Ikonos and Quickbird orthoimagery","volume":"35","author":"Baltsavias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Congr. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00045-X","article-title":"Processing of Ikonos imagery for sub-meter 3D positioning and building extraction","volume":"56","author":"Fraser","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.1.53","article-title":"Bias compensation in rational functions for Ikonos satellite imagery","volume":"69","author":"Fraser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"852","article-title":"Improving the exterior orientation of Mars Express HRSC imagery","volume":"35","author":"Ebner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2153206","article-title":"Integration of Chang\u2019E-1 imagery and laser altimeter data for precision lunar topographic modeling","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.06.037","article-title":"Co-registration of Chang\u2019E-1 stereo images and laser altimeter data with crossover adjustment and image sensor model refinement","volume":"50","author":"Di","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"258","article-title":"Design principles of the LH Systems ADS40 airborne digital sensor","volume":"33","author":"Sandau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.73.2.187","article-title":"A rigorous model for spaceborne linear array sensors","volume":"73","author":"Poli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photogram. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.73.4.369","article-title":"A rigorous laboratory calibration method for interior orientation of an airborne linear push-broom camera","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"85","article-title":"Sensor modeling for aerial mobile mapping with Three-Line-Scanner (TLS) imagery","volume":"32","author":"Gruen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"653","article-title":"Stochastic Modeling and Triangulation for an Airborne Three Line Scanner","volume":"Volume 37","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"5","article-title":"EFP bundle triangulation using lunar imagery obtained from satellite three-line-array camera","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1135","article-title":"DPS- A Digital Photogrammetric System for producing digital elevation models and orthophotos by means of linear array scanner imagery","volume":"50","author":"Hofmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"156","article-title":"Triangulation of LH Systems\u2019ADS40 imagery using ORIMA GPS\/IMU","volume":"34","author":"Hinsken","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8189","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508189","article-title":"Bundle block adjustment of airborne three-line array imagery based on rotation angles","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-010-4016-x","article-title":"The global image of the Moon obtained by the Chang\u2019E-1: Data processing and lunar cartography","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"King, B., Guo, J., Chen, Y.Q., Zhang, J.X., Zhang, Y.H., and Ning, X.G. (2009, January 15\u201321). The lunar DEM generation process based on Clementine and Chang\u2019E-1 images. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geo-Spatial Solutions Emergency Management, Santiago, Chile."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.02.001","article-title":"Identifying degrees of freedom in push broom bundle adjustment","volume":"66","author":"Jama","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, M., Yue, Z., Liu, Y., and Di, K. (2010, January 27\u201331). Research on lunar and Mars orbital stereo image mapping. Proceedings of the SPIE Remote Remote Sensing of Environment: 17th Remote Sensing Conference of China, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.910362"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Di, K., Yue, Z., Peng, M., and Liu, Z. (2010, January 15\u201319). Co-registration of Chang\u2019E-1 stereo images and laser altimeter data for 3D mapping of lunar surface. Proceedings of the ASPRS\/CaGIS 2010 SpecialtyConference, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164146","article-title":"Lunar global shape and polar topography derived from Kaguya-LALT laser altimetry","volume":"323","author":"Araki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"512","article-title":"Lunar laser ranging instrument (LLRI) a tool for the study of topography and gravitational field of the moon","volume":"96","author":"Kamalakar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-009-9512-y","article-title":"The lunar orbiter laser altimeter investigation on the lunar reconnaissance orbiter mission","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1618452.1618522","article-title":"Consolidation of unorganized point clouds for surface reconstruction","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shepard, D. (1968, January 27\u201329). A Two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data. Proceedings of the 1968 23rd ACM National Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/800186.810616"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1137\/1036175","article-title":"Interior-point polynomial algorithms in convex programming (Y. Nesterov and A. Nemirovskii)","volume":"36","author":"Ye","year":"1994","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Zambo, S.J., Elmore, P.A., Perkins, A.L., and Bourgeois, B.S. (2015, January 16\u201319). Uncertainty estimation for sparse data gridding algorithms. Proceedings of the US Hydro Conference, National Harbor, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Brent, R.P. (2013). Algorithms for Minimization without Derivatives, Courier Corporation."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, D.G. (1999, January 20\u201327). Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Kerkyra, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1999.790410"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Lewis, J. (1995). Fast Normalized Cross-Correlation, Vision Interface."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/507\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:22:01Z","timestamp":1760210521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s16040507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16040507","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]}}}