{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:20:16Z","timestamp":1768735216247,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,9]],"date-time":"2016-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2012R1A6A1029029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012R1A6A1029029"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2014R1A1A2053599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014R1A1A2053599"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2012M3A7B4035198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012M3A7B4035198"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2012M3A7B4035201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012M3A7B4035201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we report on a novel diaphragm-type tactile pressure sensor that produces stepwise output currents depending on varying low contact pressures. When contact pressures are applied to the stepped output tactile sensor (SOTS), the sensor\u2019s suspended diaphragm makes contact with the substrate, which completes a circuit by connecting resistive current paths. Then the contact area, and therefore the number of current paths, would determine the stepped output current produced. This mechanism allows SOTS to have high signal-to-noise ratio (&gt;20 dB) in the 3\u2013500 Hz frequency range at contact pressures below 15 kPa. Moreover, since the sensor\u2019s operation does not depend on a material\u2019s pressure-dependent electrical properties, the SOTS is able to demonstrate high reproducibility and reliability. By forming a 4 \u00d7 4 array of SOTS with a surface bump structure, we demonstrated shear sensing as well as surface (1 \u00d7 1 cm2) pressure mapping capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]],"date-time":"2016-04-11T12:07:36Z","timestamp":1460376456000},"page":"511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Contact Pressure Level Indication Using Stepped Output Tactile Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2864-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunsuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]},{"given":"Onejae","family":"Sul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]},{"given":"Juyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kyumin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jong-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dae-Yong","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]},{"given":"Byong-Deok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]},{"given":"Seung-Beck","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222ra19","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006820","article-title":"Restoring natural sensory feedback in real-time bidirectional hand prostheses","volume":"6","author":"Raspopovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. 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