{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:55:57Z","timestamp":1773842157223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI12C0110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI12C0110"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, ICT &amp;Future Planning","award":["NRF-2014R1A1A1004033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2014R1A1A1004033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We proposed new electrodes that are applicable for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring under freshwater- and saltwater-immersion conditions. Our proposed electrodes are made of graphite pencil lead (GPL), a general-purpose writing pencil. We have fabricated two types of electrode: a pencil lead solid type (PLS) electrode and a pencil lead powder type (PLP) electrode. In order to assess the qualities of the PLS and PLP electrodes, we compared their performance with that of a commercial Ag\/AgCl electrode, under a total of seven different conditions: dry, freshwater immersion with\/without movement, post-freshwater wet condition, saltwater immersion with\/without movement, and post-saltwater wet condition. In both dry and post-freshwater wet conditions, all ECG-recorded PQRST waves were clearly discernible, with all types of electrodes, Ag\/AgCl, PLS, and PLP. On the other hand, under the freshwater- and saltwater-immersion conditions with\/without movement, as well as post-saltwater wet conditions, we found that the proposed PLS and PLP electrodes provided better ECG waveform quality, with significant statistical differences compared with the quality provided by Ag\/AgCl electrodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T11:36:02Z","timestamp":1460720162000},"page":"542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Graphite Based Electrode for ECG Monitoring: Evaluation under Freshwater and Saltwater Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tharoeun","family":"Thap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2634-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwon-Ha","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8580-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schamroth, L. 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