{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:46Z","timestamp":1760242726071,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetization of large Nd-Fe-B sintered permanent magnets is still challenging. This type of permanent magnet is electrically conductive, so impulse magnetization causes a flow of eddy currents which prevent magnetization of the whole volume of the magnet. The paper deals with the impulse magnetization of sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets and shows a method for the determination of suitable parameters for the supply system. The necessary magnetic field strength for magnetization of the magnet to saturation was determined. The optimal magnetizing fixture supply voltage for magnetization to saturation was determined from simulations in PSpice software, finite element analyses in Maxwell 15 and measurements. Measurements of magnetic induction on the surface of the Nd-Fe-B magnet are also presented to ensure that a magnet with 70 mm diameter and 20 mm in height is fully saturated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]],"date-time":"2016-04-21T10:25:21Z","timestamp":1461234321000},"page":"569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impulse Magnetization of Nd-Fe-B Sintered Magnets for Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Przybylski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tele &amp; Radio Research Institute, Ratuszowa 11 St, 03-450 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Kapelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tele &amp; Radio Research Institute, Ratuszowa 11 St, 03-450 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"\u015alusarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tele &amp; Radio Research Institute, Ratuszowa 11 St, 03-450 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Wiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Mechatronics and Information Systems, Stefanowskiego 18\/22 St, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ripka, P. (2001). Magnetic Sensors and Magnetometers, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Tuma\u0144ski, S. (2011). Handbook of Magnetic Measurements, CRC Press Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22530","DOI":"10.3390\/s150922530","article-title":"Design and Realization of a Three Degrees of Freedom Displacement Measurement System Composed of Hall Sensors Based on Magnetic Field Fitting by an Elliptic Function","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11476","DOI":"10.3390\/s130911476","article-title":"A Noncontact Force Sensor Based on a Fiber Bragg Grating and its Application for Corrosion Measurement","volume":"13","author":"Pacheco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubovikova, N., Koleshnikov, Y., and Karcher, C. (2015). Experimental study of an electromagnetic flow meter for liquid metals based on torque measurement during pumping process. Meas. Sci. Technol., 26.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/26\/11\/115304"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Stupak, J.J. Methods of Magnetizing Permanent Magnets. Available online: http:\/\/oersted.com\/magnetizing.PDF."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Braybrooks, K.A. (1954). Improvements in and Relating to Magnetising Apparatus. (710738), British Patent."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zhilichev, Y., Campbell, P., and Miller, D. (May, January 28). In Situ Magnetization of Isotropic Permanent Magnets. Proceedings of the IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2007.896208","article-title":"Characteristics Regulation for Manufacture of Permanent-Magnet Motors Using Post-Assembly Magnetization","volume":"43","author":"Hsieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1109\/20.908396","article-title":"Design of Impulse Magnetizing Fixtures for the Radial Homopolar Magnetization of Isotropic NdFeB Ring Magnets","volume":"36","author":"Riley","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1986.1064377","article-title":"Numerical Analysis of Transient Magnetic Field in a Capacitor-Discharge Impulse Magnetizer","volume":"22","author":"Nakata","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1109\/20.104473","article-title":"Simulation of Capacitor Discharge Magnetisation","volume":"26","author":"Jewell","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Jewell, G.W., and Howe, D. (1991, January 11\u201313). Post-Assembly Impulse Magnetization of Brushless DC Motors Equipped with Rare-Earth Magnets. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1109\/20.179709","article-title":"Computer-Aided Design of Magnetizing Fixtures for the Post-Assembly Magnetization of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motors","volume":"28","author":"Jewell","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1109\/20.3423","article-title":"The Analysis of a magnetizing Fixture for a Multipole Nd-Fe-B Magnet","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"\u015alusarek, B., Gawry\u015b, P., and Przybylski, M. (2007, January 2\u20135). Multi-pole magnetization of magnets of high density magnetic energy. Proceedings of the 43th International Symposium of Electrical Machines, Pozna\u0144, Poland."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7112","DOI":"10.1063\/1.367713","article-title":"The design and analysis of axial field multipole impulse magnetizing fixtures","volume":"83","author":"Riley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1109\/20.250814","article-title":"Nonlinear Transient Finite Element Modeling of a Capacitor-Discharge Magnetizing Fixture","volume":"29","author":"VanderHeiden","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1109\/20.560103","article-title":"The Design of Radial-Field Multipole Impulse Magnetizing Fixtures for Isotropic NdFeB Magnets","volume":"33","author":"Jewell","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"\u015alusarek, B., Gawry\u015b, P., Przybylski, M., and Maciejewski, G. (2012). Production method of magnetizing head for Multipolar magnetizing of durable magnets, especially of high magnetic density. (210617), Polish Patent."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Karbowiak, M., Kapelski, D., Jankowski, M., Przybylski, M., and \u015alusarek, B. (2011). Zeszyty Problemowe\u2014Maszyny Elektryczne, Bran\u017cowy O\u015brodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Karbowiak, M., Kapelski, D., Jankowski, M., Przybylski, M., and \u015alusarek, B. (2011). Elektronika, Wydawnictwo Czasopism i Ksi\u0105\u017cek Technicznych Sigma-Not."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2013.2245499","article-title":"Analysis of Magnetizing Process of a New Anisotropic Bonded NdFeB Permanent Magnet Using FEM Combined with Jiles-Atherton Hysteresis Model","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"N38 Sintered Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets. Available online: http:\/\/www.magnesy.pl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przybylski, M., Jankowski, B., Kapelski, D., and \u015alusarek, B. (2015). Measurements of impulse magnetic fields. Prz. Elektrotech., 48\u201350.","DOI":"10.15199\/48.2015.04.12"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/569\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:22:41Z","timestamp":1760210561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s16040569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16040569","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,21]]}}}