{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:32:46Z","timestamp":1761863566663,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,23]],"date-time":"2016-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we analyze the applicability of color-space-based, color-independent visual-MIMO for V2X. We aim to achieve a visual-MIMO scheme that can maintain the original color and brightness while performing seamless communication. We consider two scenarios of GCM based visual-MIMO for V2X. One is a multipath transmission using visual-MIMO networking and the other is multi-node V2X communication. In the scenario of multipath transmission, we analyze the channel capacity numerically and we illustrate the significance of networking information such as distance, reference color (symbol), and multiplexing-diversity mode transitions. In addition, in the V2X scenario of multiple access, we may achieve the simultaneous multiple access communication without node interferences by dividing the communication area using image processing. Finally, through numerical simulation, we show the superior SER performance of the visual-MIMO scheme compared with LED-PD communication and show the numerical result of the GCM based visual-MIMO channel capacity versus distance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]],"date-time":"2016-04-25T10:02:36Z","timestamp":1461578556000},"page":"591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Color-Space-Based Visual-MIMO for V2X Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-2676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jai-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kookmin University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kookmin University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngil","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kookmin University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki-Doo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kookmin University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashokz, A., Gruteserz, M., Mandayamz, N., and Dana, K. (2011, January 23\u201325). Characterizing Multiplexing and Diversity in Visual MIMO. Proceedings of the IEEE 45th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2011.5766257"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kim, J.-E., Kim, J.-W., Park, Y., and Kim, K.-D. (2015, January 7\u201310). Applicability of Color-independent Visual-MIMO for V2X Communication. Proceedings of the IEEE 7th International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks, Sapporo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takai, I., Harada, T., Andoh, M., Yasutomi, K., Kagawa, K., and Kawahito, S. (2014). Optical Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication System Using LED Transmitter and Camera Receiver. IEEE Photonics J., 6.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2352620"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Part 15.7: Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication Using Visible Light. Available online: http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/servlet\/opac?punumber=6016193."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Yokoi, A. Color multiplex coding for VLC. IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks, 7 November 2008. Available online: https:\/\/mentor.ieee.org\/802.15\/dcn\/08\/15-08-0743-01-0vlc-color-multiplex-coding-for-vlc.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4316\/AECE.2012.04002","article-title":"A New Color Space Based Constellation Diagram and Modulation Scheme for Color Independent VLC","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2012.07.083","article-title":"Color-independent VLC based on a color space without sending target color information","volume":"286","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2013.04.002","article-title":"Performance improvement of color space based VLC modulation schemes under color and intensity variation","volume":"303","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashok, A., Gruteser, M., Mandayam, N.B., Silva, J., Dana, K., and Varga, M. (2010, January 20\u201324). Challenge: Mobile optical networks through Visual mimo. Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom\u201910), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1859995.1860008"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Maddern, W., Alexander, D., Stewart, A., McManus, C., Upcroft, B., Churchill, W., and Newman, P. (June, January 31). Illumination Invariant Imaging: Applications in Robust Vision-based Localisation, Mapping and Classification for Autonomous Vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2266661","article-title":"Looking at Vehicles on the Road: A Survey of Vision-Based Vehicle Detection, Tracking, and Behavior Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Sivaraman","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/591\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:22:47Z","timestamp":1760210567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/4\/591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,23]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s16040591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16040591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,23]]}}}