{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T17:04:11Z","timestamp":1768323851819,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,14]],"date-time":"2016-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2013R1A1A2005692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013R1A1A2005692"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) and National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2014H1C1A1066943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014H1C1A1066943"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new generation of wireless sensor networks that harvest energy from environmental sources such as solar, vibration, and thermoelectric to power sensor nodes is emerging to solve the problem of energy limitation. Based on the photo-voltaic model, this research proposes a stability-aware geographic routing for reliable data transmissions in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks (EH-WSNs) to provide a reliable routes selection method and potentially achieve an unlimited network lifetime. Specifically, the influences of link quality, represented by the estimated packet reception rate, on network performance is investigated. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms an energy-harvesting-aware method in terms of energy consumption, the average number of hops, and the packet delivery ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T10:20:11Z","timestamp":1463480411000},"page":"696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Stability-Aware Geographic Routing in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6328-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran","family":"Hieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering in Graduate School, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Dung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering in Graduate School, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9824-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Seo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Communication Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kansal, A., and Srivastava, M. (2003, January 25\u201327). An environmental energy harvesting framework for sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/871619.871624"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1145\/1274858.1274870","article-title":"Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks","volume":"6","author":"Kansal","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. Spec. Sect. LCTES\u201905"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Voigt, T., Ritter, H., and Schiller, J. (2003, January 20\u201324). Utilizing solar power in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Raghunathan, V., Kansal, A., Hsu, J., Friedman, J., and Srivastava, M.B. (2005, January 25\u201327). Design considerations for solar energy harvesting wireless embedded systems. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN 2005), Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.05.035","article-title":"Energetic sustainability of routing algorithms for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Lattanzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogliolo, A., Lattanzi, E., and Acquaviva, A. (2006, January 6). Energetic sustainability of environmentally powered wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor and Ubiquitous Networks (PE-WASUN\u201906), Torremolinos, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/1163610.1163636"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2319741","article-title":"Wastage-Aware routing in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks","volume":"14","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eu, Z., and Tan, H. (2012, January 10\u201315). Adaptive opportunistic routing protocol for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6363665"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.3368","article-title":"SCRRM: A stability-aware cooperative routing scheme for reliable high-speed data transmission in multi-rate mobile ad-hoc wireless networks","volume":"27","author":"Dung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.07.006","article-title":"GOAL: A parsimonious geographic routing protocol for large scale sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Won","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karp, B., and Kung, H.T. (2000, January 6\u201311). GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobicom 2000), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/345910.345953"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.60","article-title":"ALBA-R: Load-balancing geographic routing around connectivity holes in wireless sensor networks","volume":"25","author":"Petrioli","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/WCL.2013.081413.130511","article-title":"A reliable and efficient geographic routing scheme for delay\/disruption tolerant networks","volume":"2","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2010.0266","article-title":"Geographic hole-bypassing forwarding protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duquennoy, S., Landsiedel, O., and Voigt, T. (2013, January 11\u201315). Let the tree bloom: Scalable opportunistic routing with orpl. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Roma, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2517351.2517369"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-005-1766-z","article-title":"A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing","volume":"11","author":"Aguayo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klopfenstein, L.C., Lattanzi, E., and Bogliolo, A. (2007, January 18\u201321). Implementing energetically sustainable routing algorithms for autonomous WSNs. Proceedings of the IEEE WoWMoM, Espoo, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/WOWMOM.2007.4351802"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2007.896173","article-title":"Asymptotically optimal energy-aware routing for multi-hop wireless networks with renewable energy sources","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.141214","article-title":"Sustainability analysis and resource management for wireless mesh networks with renewable energy supplies","volume":"32","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakobsen, M.K., Madsen, J., and Hansen, M.R. (2010, January 14\u201317). DEHAR: A distributed energy harvesting aware routing algorithm for ad-hoc multi-hop wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WOWMOM.2010.5534899"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2509778","article-title":"Contention-based geographic forwarding strategies for wireless sensors networks","volume":"15","author":"Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.2468","article-title":"Cross-layer optimized routing in wireless sensor networks with duty cycle and energy harvesting","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2398852","article-title":"A virtual coordinate-based bypassing void routing for wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.845634","article-title":"Hop count optimal position-based packet routing algorithms for ad hoc wirelss networks with a realistic physical layer","volume":"23","author":"Kuruvila","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rappaport, T. (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice-Hall, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, M., and Chandrakasan, A.P. (2002, January 23\u201327). Bounding the lifetime of sensor networks via optimal role assignments. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2002), New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Qin, L., and Kunz, T. (2003). Ad-Hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks, Springer."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, G., Li, S., and Zhou, C. (2014, January 18\u201321). Maximum residual energy routing in wastage-aware energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2014.7022982"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chen, H., Cui, L., and Li, V.O. (December, January 30). A joint design of opportunistic forwarding and energy-efficient MAC protocol in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM\u201909), Honolulu, HI, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/5\/696\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:23:55Z","timestamp":1760210635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/5\/696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,14]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s16050696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16050696","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,14]]}}}