{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:19:47Z","timestamp":1773512387155,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MINECO\/FEDER","award":["TEC2013-47016-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2013-47016-C2-2-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of low-cost connected devices is enabling a new wave of sensorization services. These services can be highly leveraged in industrial applications. However, the technologies employed so far for managing this kind of system do not fully cover the strict requirements of industrial networks, especially those regarding energy efficiency. In this article a novel paradigm, called Low-Power Wide Area Networking (LP-WAN), is explored. By means of a cellular-type architecture, LP-WAN\u2013based solutions aim at fulfilling the reliability and efficiency challenges posed by long-term industrial networks. Thus, the most prominent LP-WAN solutions are reviewed, identifying and discussing the pros and cons of each of them. The focus is also on examining the current deployment state of these platforms in Spain. Although LP-WAN systems are at early stages of development, they represent a promising alternative for boosting future industrial IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) networks and services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T10:20:11Z","timestamp":1463480411000},"page":"708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0069-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Sanchez-Iborra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena 30202, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4952-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Dolores","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena 30202, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anton-Haro, C., and Dohler, M. (2015). Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications. Architecture, Performance and Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-102-3.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Manyika, J. (2015). The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value Beyond the Value, McKinsey Global Institute."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFarlane, D., Giannikas, V., and Lu, W. (2016). Intelligent logistics: Involving the customer. Comput. Ind., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2015.10.002"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.01.129","article-title":"Opportunities of sustainable manufacturing in Industry 4.0","volume":"40","author":"Stock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Worldwide and Regional Internet of Things (IoT) 2014\u20132020 Forecast: A Virtuous Circle of Proven Value and Demand. Available online: https:\/\/www.business.att.com\/content\/article\/IoT-worldwide_regional_2014-2020-forecast.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263374","article-title":"Low power wide area machine-to-machine networks: Key techniques and prototype","volume":"53","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.060710.00066","article-title":"Networked wireless sensor data collection: Issues, challenges, and approaches","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Brown, J., and Khan, J.Y. (2015, January 14\u201316). An interference mitigation approach for a dense heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS), Cairns, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCS.2015.7391773"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2514419","article-title":"Information Exchange in Randomly Deployed Dense WSNs With Wireless Energy Harvesting Capabilities","volume":"15","author":"Mekikis","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vambase, S.V., and Mangalwede, S.R. (2013, January 22\u201323). Cooperative clustering protocol for mobile devices with bluetooth and Wi-Fi interface in mLearning. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC), Ghaziabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IAdCC.2013.6514277"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2006.1637928","article-title":"Node clustering in wireless sensor networks: Recent developments and deployment challenges","volume":"20","author":"Younis","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5458373","article-title":"Broadband access, citizen enfranchisement, and telecommunications services in rural and remote areas: A report from the american frontier (Topics in Wireless Communications)","volume":"48","author":"Wolff","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasralla, M.M., Ognenoski, O., and Martini, M.G. (2013, January 9\u201313). Bandwidth scalability and efficient 2D and 3D video transmission over LTE networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2013.6649307"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2014.6821311","article-title":"Cooperative differential game for model energy-bandwidth efficiency tradeoff in the Internet of Things","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2405538","article-title":"Interference-limited resource optimization in cognitive femtocells with fairness and imperfect spectrum sensing","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2361931","article-title":"A practical semidynamic clustering scheme using affinity propagation in cooperative picocells","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Centenaro, M., Vangelista, L., Zanella, A., and Zorzi, M. Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: The rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios. Available online: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1510.00620v1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margelis, G., Piechocki, R., Kaleshi, D., and Thomas, P. (2015, January 14\u201316). Low throughput networks for the IoT: Lessons learned from industrial implementations. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389049"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"LoRa-Alliance (2015). A Technical Overview of LoRa and LoRaWAN, LoRa-Alliance."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2014). Sigfox M2M and IoT Redefined through Cost Effective and Energy Optimized Connectivity, CBS Interactive Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/lafibre.info\/images\/3g\/201302_sigfox_whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Poole, I. Weightless Wireless M2M White Space Communications. Available online: http:\/\/www.radio-electronics.com."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"nWave. Available online: http:\/\/www.nwave.io."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"M2Communication A Cellular-Type Protocol Innovation for the Internet of Things. Available online: http:\/\/www.theinternetofthings.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/%5Buser-name%5D\/M2C%20Whitepaper%20for%20IoT%20Connectivity.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"An educational guide (2015). How RPMA Works, Ingenu."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2015). Public Lighting Active Network, Telensa Ltd."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Alliance, D. DASH7 Alliance Protocol Specification v1.0. Available online: http:\/\/95.85.41.106\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/005-Dash7-Alliance-Mode-technical-presentation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cetinkaya, O., and Akan, O.B. (2015, January 9\u201312). A DASH7-based power metering system. Proceedings of the 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2015.7158010"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Helium. Available online: https:\/\/helium.com."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"M2M Spectrum Networks. Available online: http:\/\/m2mspectrum.com."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Amber Wireless. Available online: https:\/\/www.amber-wireless.de."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2015). IEEE P802.11ah\/D5.0\u2014IEEE Draft Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Specific Requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specification, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2013). IEEE 802.15.4k\u2014IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks\u2014Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). Amendment 5: Physical Layer Specifications for Low Energy, Critical Infrastructure Monitoring Networks, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2014.08.008","article-title":"A survey on IEEE 802.11ah: An enabling networking technology for smart cities","volume":"58","author":"Khorov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Flore, D. Evolution of LTE in Release 13. Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Cellnex Telecom. Available online: https:\/\/www.cellnextelecom.com\/noticia-8."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"eSMARTCITY. Available online: https:\/\/www.esmartcity.es\/noticias\/abertis-y-sigfox-lanzaran-en-espana-una-red-de-internet-de-las-cosas."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"TDF. Available online: http:\/\/www.tdf.fr."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Aerea. Available online: http:\/\/www.aerea.nl."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"iSPHER. Available online: http:\/\/www.ispher.com."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Europa Press. Available online: http:\/\/www.europapress.es\/andalucia\/malaga-00356\/noticia-sostenible-ayuntamiento-malaga-estudia-implantacion-proyecto-internet-cosas-20151025122230.html."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2014.01.010","article-title":"Adaptive strategies of on-farm water management under water supply constraints in south-eastern Spain","volume":"136","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.04.003","article-title":"A decision support system for managing irrigation in agriculture","volume":"124","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2012.01.005","article-title":"Lost in translation? Water efficiency in Spanish agriculture","volume":"108","author":"Zorrilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2012.0062","article-title":"Remote monitoring and smart sensing for water meter system and leakage detection","volume":"2","author":"Hsia","year":"2012","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060498","article-title":"Coexistence of Wi-Fi and heterogeneous small cell networks sharing unlicensed spectrum","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/5\/708\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:24:00Z","timestamp":1760210640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/5\/708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s16050708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16050708","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]}}}