{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:02:44Z","timestamp":1775577764022,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]],"date-time":"2016-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002560","name":"Soonchunhyang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IITP-2016-H8601-16-1009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2016-H8601-16-1009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disorders are a common affliction for many people even though sleep is one of the most important factors in maintaining good physiological and emotional health. Numerous researchers have proposed various approaches to monitor sleep, such as polysomnography and actigraphy. However, such approaches are costly and often require overnight treatment in clinics. With this in mind, the research presented here has emerged from the question: \u201cCan data be easily collected and analyzed without causing discomfort to patients?\u201d Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a novel monitoring system for quantifying sleep quality. The data acquisition system is equipped with multimodal sensors, including a three-axis accelerometer and a pressure sensor. To identify sleep quality based on measured data, a novel algorithm, which uses numerous physiological parameters, was proposed. Such parameters include non-REM sleep time, the number of apneic episodes, and sleep durations for dominant poses. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed system, three participants were enrolled in this experimental study for a duration of 20 days. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the proposed monitoring system is effective for quantifying sleep quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,24]],"date-time":"2016-05-24T09:05:05Z","timestamp":1464080705000},"page":"750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Sleep Monitoring Based on a Tri-Axial Accelerometer and a Pressure Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3318-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunyoung","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeesock","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01607, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8580-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.3.201","article-title":"Activity-based sleep\u2014Wake identification: An empirical test of methodological issues","volume":"17","author":"Sadeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(86)90047-7","article-title":"Automatic analysis of sleep records with static charge sensitive bed","volume":"64","author":"Salmi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Adami, A., Hayes, T., and Pavel, M. (2003, January 17\u201321). Unobtrusive monitoring of sleep patterns. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Cancun, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Huang, R.S., Kuo, C.J., Tsai, L.L., and Chen, O.T. (1996, January 3\u20136). EEG pattern recognition-arousal states detection and classification. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/20\/2\/303","article-title":"Detection of body movements during sleep by monitoring of bed temperature","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Rechtschaffen, A., and Kales, A. (1968). A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages for Human Subjects, University of California at Los Angeles, Brain Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBET.2010.032695","article-title":"Sleep staging from heart rate variability: Time-varying spectral features and hidden Markov models","volume":"3","author":"Mendez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x","article-title":"Quantification of sleepiness: A new approach","volume":"10","author":"Hoddes","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Armon, C., Roy, A., and Nowack, W. Polysomnography: Overview and Clinical Application. Available online: http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/1188764-overview."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Shephard, J.W. (1991). Atlas of Sleep Medicine, Futura Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6773(72)80220-7","article-title":"The application of Delgado\u2019s telemetric mobility recorder for human studies","volume":"7","author":"Kupfer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Behav. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.4.288","article-title":"The role of actigraphy in the evaluation of sleep disorders","volume":"18","author":"Sadeh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology","volume":"93","author":"Camm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Mack, D., Kell, S., Alwan, M., Turner, B., and Felder, R. (2003, January 25\u201329). Non-invasive analysis of physiological signals (naps): A vibration sensor that passively detects heart and respiration rates as part of a sensor suite for medical monitoring. Proceedings of the 2003 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Key Biscayne, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1.37","article-title":"Analysis of inspiratory flow shapes in patients with partial upper-airway obstruction during sleep","volume":"119","author":"Aittokallio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19618","DOI":"10.3390\/s150819618","article-title":"A low-power and portable biomedical device for respiratory monitoring with a stable power source","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4378","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.004378","article-title":"Remote monitoring of breathing dynamics using infrared thermography","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2015.01.010","article-title":"Flow measurement in mechanical ventilation: A review","volume":"37","author":"Schena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2015.12.006","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmia alarm from optical interferometric signals during resting or sleeping for early intervention","volume":"36","author":"Cikajlo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biocybern. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4986","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2279160","article-title":"Fiber bragg grating strain sensor incorporated to monitor patient vital signs during MRI","volume":"13","author":"Dziuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.1.010901","article-title":"Fiber-optic sensors for monitoring patient physiological parameters: A review of applicable technologies and relevance to use during magnetic resonance imaging procedures","volume":"20","author":"Dziuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.02103.x","article-title":"The short-term effects of myofascial trigger point massage therapy on cardiac autonomic tone in healthy subjects","volume":"37","author":"Delaney","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6166045","article-title":"Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: A quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control","volume":"213","author":"Akselrod","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H151","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H151","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis","volume":"248","author":"Pomeranz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2010.2044797","article-title":"Sleep staging based on signals acquired through bed sensor","volume":"14","author":"Kortelainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Suzuki, T., Ouchi, K., Kameyama, K.I., and Takahashi, M. (2009). BIODEVICES, Citeseer."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/5\/750\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:24:20Z","timestamp":1760210660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/5\/750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s16050750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16050750","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]]}}}