{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:19:27Z","timestamp":1760242767988,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a novel power-efficient and anti-fading clustering based on a cross-layer that is specific to the time-varying fading characteristics of channels in the monitoring of coal mine faces with wireless sensor networks. The number of active sensor nodes and a sliding window are set up such that the optimal number of cluster heads (CHs) is selected in each round. Based on a stable expected number of CHs, we explore the channel efficiency between nodes and the base station by using a probe frame and the joint surplus energy in assessing the CH selection. Moreover, the sending power of a node in different periods is regulated by the signal fade margin method. The simulation results demonstrate that compared with several common algorithms, the power-efficient and fading-aware clustering with a cross-layer (PEAFC-CL) protocol features a stable network topology and adaptability under signal time-varying fading, which effectively prolongs the lifetime of the network and reduces network packet loss, thus making it more applicable to the complex and variable environment characteristic of a coal mine face.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T11:17:28Z","timestamp":1465298248000},"page":"835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Power-Efficient Clustering Protocol for Coal Mine Face Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Networks Under Channel Fading Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information &amp; Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiansheng","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information &amp; Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1984.1132833","article-title":"The history of power transmission by radio waves","volume":"32","author":"Brown","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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