{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:36:11Z","timestamp":1768523771969,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]],"date-time":"2016-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangxi Communications Department Program","award":["2013C0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013C0011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51478054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51478054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of State Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology (Changsha University of Science &amp; Technology)","award":["kfj150103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kfj150103"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of Guangdong Provincial Department of Transportation","award":["2013-00-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-00-002"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of Hainan Provincial Department of Transportation","award":["JT20140898001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JT20140898001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010083","name":"Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation For Postgraduate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX2013A015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2013A015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a systematic pioneering study on the use of agricultural-purpose frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors to monitor temperature and moisture of a subgrade in highway extension and reconstruction engineering. The principle of agricultural-purpose FDR sensors and the process for embedding this kind of sensors for subgrade engineering purposes are introduced. Based on field measured weather data, a numerical analysis model for temperature and moisture content in the subgrade\u2019s soil is built. Comparisons of the temperature and moisture data obtained from numerical simulation and FDR-based measurements are conducted. The results show that: (1) the embedding method and process, data acquisition, and remote transmission presented are reasonable; (2) the temperature and moisture changes are coordinated with the atmospheric environment and they are also in close agreement with numerical calculations; (3) the change laws of both are consistent at positions where the subgrade is compacted uniformly. These results suggest that the data measured by the agricultural-purpose FDR sensors are reliable. The findings of this paper enable a new and effective real-time monitoring method for a subgrade\u2019s temperature and moisture changes, and thus broaden the application of agricultural-purpose FDR sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]],"date-time":"2016-06-10T07:37:41Z","timestamp":1465544261000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Field Measurements and Numerical Simulations of Temperature and Moisture in Highway Engineering Using a Frequency Domain Reflectometry Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yong-Sheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic &amp; Transportation, Changsha University of Science &amp;Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}]},{"given":"Jian-Long","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic &amp; Transportation, Changsha University of Science &amp;Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}]},{"given":"Zeng-Shun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic &amp; Transportation, Changsha University of Science &amp;Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Bridge-Doctor Design &amp; Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518048, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"AASHTO (2007). 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