{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:19:48Z","timestamp":1760242788771,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fully polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (polSAR) data analysis has wide applications for terrain and ground cover classification. The dynamics of surface and subsurface water events can lead to slope instability resulting in slough slides on earthen levees. Early detection of these anomalies by a remote sensing approach could save time versus direct assessment. We used L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to screen levees for anomalies. SAR technology, due to its high spatial resolution and soil penetration capability, is a good choice for identifying problematic areas on earthen levees. Using the parameters entropy (H), anisotropy (A), alpha (\u03b1), and eigenvalues (\u03bb, \u03bb1, \u03bb2, and \u03bb3), we implemented several unsupervised classification algorithms for the identification of anomalies on the levee. The classification techniques applied are H\/\u03b1, H\/A, A\/\u03b1, Wishart H\/\u03b1, Wishart H\/A\/\u03b1, and H\/\u03b1\/\u03bb classification algorithms. In this work, the effectiveness of the algorithms was demonstrated using quad-polarimetric L-band SAR imagery from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory\u2019s (JPL\u2019s) Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR). The study area is a section of the lower Mississippi River valley in the Southern USA, where earthen flood control levees are maintained by the US Army Corps of Engineers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T10:23:20Z","timestamp":1466072600000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Advanced Unsupervised Classification Methods to Detect Anomalies on Earthen Levees Using Polarimetric SAR Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7329-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramakalavathi","family":"Marapareddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3594-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Aanstoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Younan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aanstoos, J.V., Hasan, K., O\u2019Hara, C.G., Prasad, S., Dabbiru, L., Mahrooghy, M., Nobrega, R., Lee, M.L., and Shrestha, B. 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