{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T02:39:13Z","timestamp":1761964753861,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China","award":["xkjc2015010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xkjc2015010"]}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation (NSF)","award":["CNS 1350145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS 1350145"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the advantage of avoiding upstream disturbance and voltage fluctuation from a power transmission system, Islanded Micro-Grids (IMG) have attracted much attention. In this paper, we first propose a novel self-sufficient Cyber-Physical System (CPS) supported by Internet of Things (IoT) techniques, namely \u201carchipelago micro-grid (MG)\u201d, which integrates the power grid and sensor networks to make the grid operation effective and is comprised of multiple MGs while disconnected with the utility grid. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) are used to replace a portion of Conventional Vehicles (CVs) to reduce CO     2     emission and operation cost. Nonetheless, the intermittent nature and uncertainty of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) remain a challenging issue in managing energy resources in the system. To address these issues, we formalize the optimal EV penetration problem as a two-stage Stochastic Optimal Penetration (SOP) model, which aims to minimize the emission and operation cost in the system. Uncertainties coming from RESs (e.g., wind, solar, and load demand) are considered in the stochastic model and random parameters to represent those uncertainties are captured by the Monte Carlo-based method. To enable the reasonable deployment of EVs in each MGs, we develop two scheduling schemes, namely Unlimited Coordinated Scheme (UCS) and Limited Coordinated Scheme (LCS), respectively. An extensive simulation study based on a modified 9 bus system with three MGs has been carried out to show the effectiveness of our proposed schemes. The evaluation data indicates that our proposed strategy can reduce both the environmental pollution created by CO     2     emissions and operation costs in UCS and LCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T10:09:24Z","timestamp":1466158164000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Towards Stochastic Optimization-Based Electric Vehicle Penetration in a Novel Archipelago Microgrid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SKLMSE Lab, School of Electronic &amp; Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dou","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic &amp; Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic &amp; Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic &amp; Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems","volume":"12","author":"Baheti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Impact Control Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28603","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128603","article-title":"A novel scheme for an energy efficient Internet of Things based on wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Rani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2014.2313765","article-title":"A multistage centralized control scheme for islanded microgrids with PEVs","volume":"5","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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