{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T01:24:51Z","timestamp":1764811491889,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51322305, 61376074, 51273036, 61261130092, 91233204, 61574032","51403180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51322305, 61376074, 51273036, 61261130092, 91233204, 61574032","51403180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2012CB933703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB933703"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"111 Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B13013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B13013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12SSXM001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12SSXM001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite tremendous potential and urgent demand in high-response low-cost gas identification, the development of gas identification based on a metal oxide semiconductor nanowire\/nanobelt remains limited by fabrication complexity and redundant signals. Researchers have shown a multisensor-array strategy with \u201cone key to one lock\u201d configuration. Here, we describe a new strategy to create high-response room-temperature gas identification by employing gas as dielectric. This enables gas discrimination down to the part per billion (ppb) level only based on one pristine single nanobelt transistor, with the excellent average Mahalanobis distance (MD) as high as 35 at the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) space. The single device realizes the selective recognition function of electronic nose. The effect of the gas dielectric on the response of the multiple field-effect parameters is discussed by the comparative investigation of gas and solid-dielectric devices and the studies on trap density changes in the conductive channel. The current work opens up exciting opportunities for room-temperature gas recognition based on the pristine single device.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T00:43:08Z","timestamp":1466642588000},"page":"917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Single Nanobelt Transistor for Gas Identification: Using a Gas-Dielectric Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China"}]},{"given":"Qingxin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China"}]},{"given":"Talgar","family":"Shaymurat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of New Energy and Materials Research, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830091, China"}]},{"given":"Yichun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.04.065","article-title":"Metal oxide SAW E-nose employing PCA and ANN for the identification of binary mixture of DMMP and methanol","volume":"200","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.02.016","article-title":"Advances in artificial olfaction: Sensors and applications","volume":"124","author":"Horrillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.01.098","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of ITO\u2013ZnO nanocomposite and its application as NO2 gas sensor","volume":"41","author":"Madhin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro823","article-title":"Electronic noses and disease diagnostics","volume":"2","author":"Turner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8612","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60127g","article-title":"Organic field-effect transistor sensors: A tutorial review","volume":"42","author":"Torsi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9209","DOI":"10.1021\/jp500516t","article-title":"Core-shell In2O3\/ZnO nanoarray nanogenerator as a self-powered active gas sensor with high H2S sensitivity and selectivity at room temperature","volume":"118","author":"Zang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.07.033","article-title":"Mixed-potential-type NO2 sensor using stabilized zirconia and Cr2O3\u2013WO3 nanocomposites","volume":"180","author":"Diao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6412","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA00387J","article-title":"Selective, sensitive, and reversible detection of H2S using Mo-doped ZnO nanowire network sensors","volume":"2","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.02.007","article-title":"Bimetallic Pd\/Pt nanoparticle-functionalized SnO2 nanowires for fast response and recovery to NO2","volume":"181","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1021\/nl401498t","article-title":"Rational design of sub-parts per million specific gas sensors array based on metal nanoparticles decorated nanowire enhancement-mode transistors","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1021\/nl404335p","article-title":"Artificial sensing intelligence with silicon nanowires for ultraselective detection in the gas phase","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100394a","article-title":"Tin-oxide-nanowire-based electronic nose using heterogeneous catalysis as a functionalization strategy","volume":"4","author":"Baik","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14214","DOI":"10.3390\/s131014214","article-title":"Towards a chemiresistive sensor-integrated electronic nose: A review","volume":"13","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083502","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3070237","article-title":"Polyaniline nanowires-gold nanoparticles hybrid network based chemiresistive hydrogen sulfide sensor","volume":"94","author":"Shirsat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.3390\/s100404083","article-title":"One-dimensional oxide nanostructures as gas-sensing materials: Review and issues","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201204509","article-title":"Gas dielectric transistor of CuPc single crystalline nanowire for SO2 detection down to sub-ppm levels at room temperature","volume":"25","author":"Shaymurat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14634","DOI":"10.1021\/ja064476f","article-title":"High-performance air-stable N-type transistors with an asymmetrical device configuration based on organic single-crystalline submicrometer\/nanometer ribbons","volume":"128","author":"Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3757(20020703)114:13<2511::AID-ANGE2511>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Photochemical sensing of NO2 with SnO2 nanoribbon nanosensors at room temperature","volume":"114","author":"Law","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13999","DOI":"10.3390\/s140813999","article-title":"One-dimensional nanostructure field-effect sensors for gas detection","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9903","DOI":"10.3390\/s91209903","article-title":"Gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxide one-dimensional nanostructures","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3390\/s100302088","article-title":"Metal oxide gas sensors: Sensitivity and influencing factors","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073112","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4866275","article-title":"Conductive SnO2:Sb nanobelts as electrodes for detection of NO2 in ppb level with ultrahigh sensitivity","volume":"104","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16067","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA01364F","article-title":"High performance chemiresistive H2S sensors using Ag-loaded SnO2 yolk\u2013shell nanostructures","volume":"4","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06028","article-title":"Gas sensing of SnO2 nanocrystals revisited: Developing ultra-sensitive sensors for detecting the H2S leakage of biogas","volume":"4","author":"Mei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1039\/C2NR33201A","article-title":"\u03b1-Fe2O3 nanochains: Ammonium acetate-based ionothermal synthesis and ultrasensitive sensors for low-ppm-level H2S gas","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.05.006","article-title":"Low-temperature and highly selective NO-sensing performance of WO3 nanoplates decorated with silver nanoparticles","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1021\/nl071815+","article-title":"A gradient microarray electronic nose based on percolating SnO2 nanowire sensing elements","volume":"7","author":"Sysoev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8649","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60179j","article-title":"Optical sensor arrays for chemical sensing: The optoelectronic nose","volume":"42","author":"Askim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100435h","article-title":"Single-nanobelt electronic nose: Engineering and tests of the simplest analytical element","volume":"4","author":"Sysoev","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068116m","article-title":"Higher-order chemical sensing","volume":"108","author":"Hierlemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104019","article-title":"Elaborate positioning of nanowire arrays contributed by highly adhesive superhydrophobic pillar-structured substrates","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9005","DOI":"10.1021\/nn303098n","article-title":"Smartly aligning nanowires by a stretching strategy and their application as encoded sensors","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201301494","article-title":"Using micro to manipulate Nano","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7308","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm15179k","article-title":"Towards one key to one lock: Catalyst modified indium oxide nanoparticle thin film sensor array for selective gas detection","volume":"22","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00541-4","article-title":"Multi-parameter gas sensors based on organic thin-film-transistors","volume":"67","author":"Torsi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.04.035","article-title":"An organic field effect transistor as a selective NOx sensor operated at room temperature","volume":"140","author":"Marinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.04.016","article-title":"Growth of SnO2\/W18O49 nanowire hierarchical heterostructure and their application as chemical sensor","volume":"147","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.02.025","article-title":"Comparison of the gas sensing performance of SnO2 thin film and SnO2 nanowire sensors","volume":"165","author":"Brunet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1021\/nl035069u","article-title":"Electrochemically grown wires for individually addressable sensor arrays","volume":"4","author":"Yun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.01.022","article-title":"Size-dependent response of single-nanowire gas sensors","volume":"163","author":"Tonezzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.04.095","article-title":"Comparative NO2 gas-sensing performance of the self-heated individual, multiple and networked SnO2 nanowire sensors fabricated by a simple process","volume":"201","author":"Chinh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200455","article-title":"Bias stress effect in \u201cAir-Gap\u201d organic field-effect transistors","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4892809","article-title":"Molecular doping and tuning threshold voltage in 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene\/polymer blend transistors","volume":"105","author":"Belasco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2008.07.050","article-title":"Molecular fine structure and transition dipole moment of NO2 using an external cavity quantum cascade laser","volume":"462","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.213003","article-title":"Direct determination of the sign of the NO dipole moment","volume":"99","author":"Gijsbertsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.08.076","article-title":"High pressure hydrogen sulphide adsorption on silica\u2013aluminas","volume":"210","author":"Tagliabue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5801","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1679205","article-title":"Measurement of the electron affinity of NO2","volume":"58","author":"Leffert","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1021\/cr990044u","article-title":"Atomic and molecular electron affinities: Photoelectron experiments and theoretical computations","volume":"102","author":"Tschumper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Calculated Electron Affininty for H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide), Available online: http:\/\/cccbdb.nist.gov\/elecaff2.asp?casno=7783064."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18676","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5042052","article-title":"Semiconductor-like sensitivity in metallic ultrathin gold nanowire-based sensors","volume":"118","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201301138","article-title":"High performance field-effect ammonia sensors based on a structured ultrathin organic semiconductor film","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3046726","article-title":"Gas sensing properties of defect-controlled ZnO-nanowire gas sensor","volume":"93","author":"Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/6\/917\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:47Z","timestamp":1760210747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/6\/917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s16060917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16060917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]}}}