{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:13:50Z","timestamp":1762506830040,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]],"date-time":"2016-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["Grant 61572220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 61572220"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000930","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1457506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1457506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000930","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities', HUST","award":["CX-15-055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX-15-055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent trends show that Internet traffic is increasingly dominated by content, which is accompanied by the exponential growth of traffic. To cope with this phenomena, network caching is introduced to utilize the storage capacity of diverse network devices. In this paper, we first summarize four basic caching placement strategies, i.e., local caching, Device-to-Device (D2D) caching, Small cell Base Station (SBS) caching and Macrocell Base Station (MBS) caching. However, studies show that so far, much of the research has ignored the impact of user mobility. Therefore, taking the effect of the user mobility into consideration, we proposes a joint mobility-aware caching and SBS density placement scheme (MS caching). In addition, differences and relationships between caching and computation offloading are discussed. We present a design of a hybrid computation offloading and support it with experimental results, which demonstrate improved performance in terms of energy cost. Finally, we discuss the design of an incentive mechanism by considering network dynamics, differentiated user\u2019s quality of experience (QoE) and the heterogeneity of mobile terminals in terms of caching and computing capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16070974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]],"date-time":"2016-06-27T12:56:01Z","timestamp":1467032161000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Mobility-Aware Caching and Computation Offloading in 5G Ultra-Dense Cellular Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Yixue","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Meikang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA"}]},{"given":"Jeungeun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4940-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iztok","family":"Humar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, SI-1000 Ljubljan, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2014.6863132","article-title":"CAP: Crowd Activity Prediction Based on Big Data Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2180888","article-title":"A Novel Approach to Optical Switching for Intra-Datacenter Networking","volume":"30","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.11.005","article-title":"An agent-based approach for the design and analysis of content delivery networks","volume":"37","author":"Fortino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2007.06.007","article-title":"Using P2P, GRID and Agent technologies for the development of content distribution networks","volume":"24","author":"Fortino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2012.02.002","article-title":"Online Optimization for Scheduling Preemptable tasks on IaaS Cloud systems","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2011.03.005","article-title":"Resource Allocation Robustness in Multi-Core Embedded Systems with Inaccurate Information","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7422408","article-title":"5G ultra-dense cellular networks","volume":"23","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5534597","article-title":"An approach to modeling and control of QoE in next generation networks","volume":"48","author":"Volk","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7368824","article-title":"QoE-Driven Spectrum Assignment for 5G Wireless Networks using SDR","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.S., Muhammad, G., Alhamid, M.F., Song, B., and Almutib, K. (2016). Audio-visual emotion recognition using big data towards 5G. Mob. Netw. Appl., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-016-0685-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7054721","article-title":"Quality-of-experience assessment and its application to video services in LTE networks","volume":"1","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterle, J., Sedlar, U., Rugelj, M., Kos, A., and Volk, M. (2016). Application-driven OAM framework for heterogeneous IoT environments. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5649291"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedlar, U., Rugelj, M., Volk, M., and Sterle, J. (2015). Deploying and managing a network of autonomous internet measurement probes: Lessons learned. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/852349"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Qiu, M., Tsai, C., Hassan, M.M., and Alamri, A. (2015). Health-CPS: Healthcare Cyber-Physical System Assisted by Cloud and Big Data. IEEE Syst. J., 1\u20138."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, M., and Sha, E.H.-M. (2009). Cost Minimization while Satisfying Hard\/Soft Timing Constraints for Heterogeneous Embedded Systems. ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst., 14.","DOI":"10.1145\/1497561.1497568"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736753","article-title":"Cache in the Air: Exploiting Content Caching and Delivery Techniques for 5G Systems","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, K., Hou, L., Meng, H., Zheng, Q., Lu, N., and Lei, L. (2015). Soft-Defined Heterogeneous Vehicular Network: Architecture and Challenges. IEEE Netw., arXiv:1510.06579.","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2016.7513867"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, K., Xu, T., Song, J., Qian, Y., and Sun, Y. (2016). Node Scheduling for All-directional Intrusion Detection in SDR-based 3D WSNs. IEEE Sens. J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2558043"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8402","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2013.2281606","article-title":"Femtocaching: Wireless content delivery through distributed caching helpers","volume":"59","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2316817","article-title":"Base-station assisted device-to-device communications for high-throughput wireless video networks","volume":"13","author":"Golrezaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Song, H., and Choi, W. (2015, January 8\u201312). Optimal caching placement of caching system with helpers. Proceedings of of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248590"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2444795","article-title":"Delay-Optimal Dynamic Mode Selection and Resource Allocation in Device-to-Device Communications","volume":"65","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7920","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2482119","article-title":"An SMDP-Based Resource Allocation in Vehicular Cloud Computing Systems","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, K., Chen, M., Deng, J., Hassan, M., and Fortino, G. (2016). Enhanced Fingerprinting and Trajectory Prediction for IoT Localization in Smart Buildings. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2016.2543242"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2452672","article-title":"Wireless device-to-device caching networks: Basic priciples and system performance","volume":"34","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, K., Song, J., Luo, J., Ji, W., Hossain, M., and Ghoneim, A. (2016). GVT: Green Video Transmission in the Mobile Cloud Networks. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2016.2539618"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malak, D., and Al-Shalash, M. (2014, January 8\u201312). Optimal caching for device-to-device content distribution in 5G networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2014.7063541"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2015.2490226","article-title":"The throughput-outage tradeoff of wireless one-hop caching networks","volume":"61","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2525439","article-title":"User Mobility Evaluation for 5G Small Cell Networks Based on Individual Mobility Model","volume":"34","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chae, S.H., Ryu, J.Y., and Quek, T.Q.S. (2015, January 6\u201310). Wan Choi Cooperative transmission via caching helpers. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417164"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2015.2394386","article-title":"Spatial Spectrum and Energy Efficiency of Random Cellular Networks","volume":"63","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Wang, W. (May, January 27). Can mobile cloudletss support mobile applications?. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM\u201914), Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2013.2294111","article-title":"Video-aware scheduling and caching in the radio access network","volume":"22","author":"Ahlehagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2014.0081","article-title":"Energy Efficiency of Small Cell Backhaul Networks Based on Gauss-Markov Mobile Models","volume":"4","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.213","article-title":"Analysis of Individual Pair and Aggregate Intercontact Times in Heterogeneous Opportunistic Networks","volume":"12","author":"Passarella","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-014-0537-4","article-title":"CADRE: Cloud-Assisted Drug REcommendation Service for Online Pharmacies","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM\/Springer Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Jiao, L., Li, W., and Fu, X. (2015). Efficient Multi-User Computation Offloading for Mobile-Edge Cloud Computing. IEEE Trans. Netw.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2015.2487344"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7120041","article-title":"On The Computation Offloading at Ad Hoc Cloudlet: Architecture and Service Models","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, L., Li, Y., and Gao, W. (2016, January 10\u201315). A Hierarchical Edge Cloud Architecture for Mobile Computing. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2016\u2014The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2016.7524340"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.11.024","article-title":"Green Data Center with IoT Sensing and Cloud-assisted Smart Temperature Controlling System","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2310773","article-title":"Energy Efficiency Optimization for MIMO-OFDM Mobile Multimedia Communication Systems with QoS Constraints","volume":"63","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/7\/974\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:24:49Z","timestamp":1760210689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/7\/974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s16070974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16070974","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]]}}}