{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:53:06Z","timestamp":1774950786544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a study of using game theory for protecting wireless sensor networks (WSNs) from selfish behavior or malicious nodes. Due to scalability, low complexity and disseminated nature of WSNs, malicious attacks can be modeled effectively using game theory. In this study, we survey the different game-theoretic defense strategies for WSNs. We present a taxonomy of the game theory approaches based on the nature of the attack, whether it is caused by an external attacker or it is the result of an internal node acting selfishly or maliciously. We also present a general trust model using game theory for decision making. We, finally, identify the significant role of evolutionary games for WSNs security against intelligent attacks; then, we list several prospect applications of game theory to enhance the data trustworthiness and node cooperation in different WSNs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T17:03:22Z","timestamp":1467219802000},"page":"1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Game Theory Meets Wireless Sensor Networks Security Requirements and Threats Mitigation: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9197-0306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdalzaher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria 21934, Egypt"},{"name":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Seddik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, American University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Elsabrouty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Muta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Abdel-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria 21934, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-010-9281-7","article-title":"Providing trust in wireless sensor networks using a bio-inspired technique","volume":"46","year":"2011","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.S., Ghinita, G., Bertino, E., and Kantarcioglu, M. (2012, January 1\u20135). A game-theoretic approach for high-assurance of data trustworthiness in sensor networks. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE), Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2012.78"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"371","article-title":"Review of trust models in wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Rani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Inf. Syst. Control Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2010.02.006","article-title":"Trust management systems for wireless sensor networks: Best practices","volume":"33","author":"Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Pingel, F., and Steinbrecher, S. (2008). Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business, Springer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/1362542.1362546","article-title":"Reputation-based framework for high integrity sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Ganeriwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.04.022","article-title":"Trust-based security for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Boukerch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Shankaran, R., Orgun, M.A., Varadharajan, V., and Sattar, A. (2010, January 10\u201314). A trust management architecture for hierarchical wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 35th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2010.5735718"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzaid, H., Foo, E., and Nieto, J.G. (2008, January 1\u20134). RSDA: Reputation-based secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (PDCAT), Otago, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/PDCAT.2008.52"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2240299","article-title":"LDTS: A lightweight and dependable trust system for clustered wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Shao, N., Zhou, Z., and Sun, Z. (2015). Cloud Computing and Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.2298\/CSIS110303056C","article-title":"TRM-IoT: A trust management model based on fuzzy reputation for internet of things","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2008.07.017","article-title":"Functional reputation based reliable data aggregation and transmission for wireless sensor networks","volume":"31","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Chae, Y. (2012). Redeemable Reputation Based Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. [PhD Thesis, University of Rhode Island]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.063","article-title":"Research on trust model of sensor nodes in WSNs","volume":"29","author":"Xiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2012.031912.110179","article-title":"Hierarchical trust management for wireless sensor networks and its applications to trust-based routing and intrusion detection","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Srinivasan, A., Teitelbaum, J., and Wu, J. (October, January 29). DRBTS: Distributed reputation-based beacon trust system. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Indianapolis, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dogan, G., and Avincan, K. (2016). MultiProTru: A kalman filtering based trust architecture for two-hop wireless sensor networks. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-016-0446-3"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.04.004","article-title":"Game theory for cognitive radio networks: An overview","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S., Ellis, C., Shiva, S., Dasgupta, D., Shandilya, V., and Wu, Q. (2010, January 5\u20138). A survey of game theory as applied to network security. Proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Kauai, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2010.35"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z. (2012). Game Theory in Wireless and Communication Networks: Theory, Models, and Applications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511895043"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.01.029","article-title":"Hybrid defensive resource allocations in the face of partially strategic attackers in a sequential defender\u2013attacker game","volume":"228","author":"Shan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2013.53","article-title":"Subsidizing to disrupt a terrorism supply chain [mdash] a four-player game","volume":"65","author":"Shan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-014-1722-3","article-title":"Modeling costly learning and counter-learning in a defender-attacker game with private defender information","volume":"236","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12362","article-title":"Defense of Cyber Infrastructures Against Cyber-Physical Attacks Using Game-Theoretic Models","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12502","article-title":"Modeling Resources Allocation in Attacker-Defender Games with \u201cWarm Up\u201d CSF","volume":"36","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1287\/deca.2013.0288","article-title":"Modeling Credible Retaliation Threats in Deterring the Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons Using Partial Inspection-A Three-Stage Game","volume":"11","author":"Shan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Decis. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.122310.000119","article-title":"Game theoretic approaches for multiple access in wireless networks: A survey","volume":"13","author":"Akkarajitsakul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9055","DOI":"10.3390\/s120709055","article-title":"Game theory for wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Benmammar, B., and KRIEF, F. (2014, January 15\u201317). Game theory applications in wireless networks: A survey. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Software Engineering, Parallel and Distributed Systems (SEPADS\u201914), Gdansk, Poland."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2012.251","article-title":"Group authentication","volume":"62","author":"Harn","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"521","article-title":"A survey of game theory in wireless sensor networks security","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.03.005","article-title":"Trust mechanisms in wireless sensor networks: Attack analysis and countermeasures","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"A trust evaluation framework in distributed networks: Vulnerability analysis and defense against attacks","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"INFOCOM"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4473092","article-title":"Defense of trust management vulnerabilities in distributed networks","volume":"46","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2012.2194788","article-title":"ReTrust: Attack-resistant and lightweight trust management for medical sensor networks","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2008.02.002","article-title":"Trust-based evolutionary game model assisting AODV routing against selfishness","volume":"31","author":"Komathy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamhoua, C., Pissinou, N., Miller, J., and Makki, S.K. (2010, January 6\u201310). Mitigating routing misbehavior in multi-hop networks using evolutionary game theory. Proceedings of the Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2010.5700285"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tembine, H., Altman, E., and El-Azouzi, R. (2007, January 8\u201311). Delayed evolutionary game dynamics applied to medium access control. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOBHOC.2007.4428684"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Guizani, M. (2011). Game Theory for Wireless Communications and Networking, CRC press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10975"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Zhou, X., Jia, G., and Zhang, Q. (2010, January 11\u201314). A non-cooperative game approach for intrusion detection in smartphone systems. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference (CNSR), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CNSR.2010.24"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, R., Gupta, B., Cianca, E., Patel, A., Kaligotla, S., Gogar, A., Wardana, S., Lam, V.T., and Ganguly, B. (2010, January 7\u201310). Playing \u2018games\u2019 with human health the role of game theory in optimizing reliability in wireless health networks. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies (ISABEL), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISABEL.2010.5702777"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Colell, A.M. (1997). Cooperation: Game-Theoretic Approaches, Springer."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"133","article-title":"Cooperative communication strategy for wireless sensor networks based on cooperative game theory","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wuhan Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2007.4300988","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting technologies: A game-theoretic approach to optimal energy management","volume":"14","author":"Niyato","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vane, H.R., and Mulhearn, C. (2005). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to Their Careers and Main Published Works, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781845426897"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Osborne, M.J., and Rubinstein, A. (1994). A Course in Game Theory, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K.R., and Wang, B. (2010). Cognitive Radio Networking and Security: A Game-Theoretic View, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511778773"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"\u010cagalj, M., Ganeriwal, S., Aad, I., and Hubaux, J.P. (2005, January 13\u201317). On selfish behavior in CSMA\/CA networks. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2005), New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2009.000000","article-title":"Coalitional game theory for communication networks","volume":"26","author":"Saad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Signal Proc. Mag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khayatian, H., Saadat, R., and Mirjalily, G. (2010, January 4\u20136). Distributed power allocation based on coalitional and noncooperative games for wireless networks. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST), Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTEL.2010.5734054"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vadori, V., Scalabrin, M., Guglielmi, A.V., and Badia, L. (2015, January 6\u201310). Jamming in Underwater Sensor Networks as a Bayesian Zero-Sum Game with Position Uncertainty. Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417412"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, Y.B., and Srivathsan, S. (2009, January 24\u201326). Game theory model for selective forward attacks in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 17th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2009.5164584"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estiri, M., and Khademzadeh, A. (2010, January 2\u20135). A game-theoretical model for intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 23rd Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), Calgary, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2010.5575157"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karapistoli, E., and Economides, A.A. (2014, January 13\u201315). Defending jamming attacks in wireless sensor networks using stackelberg monitoring strategies. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2014.7008264"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, X., Ren, P., Wang, Y., Du, Q., and Sun, L. (2015, January 6\u201310). Securing wireless transmission against reactive jamming: A stackelberg game framework. Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417368"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalzaher, M.S., Seddik, K., Muta, O., and Abdelrahman, A. (2016, January 9\u201312). Using Stackelberg game to enhance node protection in WSNs. Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2016.7444900"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Altman, E., Avrachenkov, K., and Garnaev, A. (2007). Network Control and Optimization, Springer."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Li, Q., Chen, T., Cheng, E., and Dai, H. (2015, January 6\u201310). Jamming games in underwater sensor networks with reinforcement learning. Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417192"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moussavinik, H., Byun, S.S., and Balasingham, I. (2009, January 7\u201310). On the steady state in multiuser multiband IR-UWB without NBI detection. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), Siena, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWCS.2009.5285346"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Moussavinik, H., Byun, S.S., and Balasingham, I. (2009, January 15\u201318). Towards robustness in multiband\/multiuser IR-UWB: Overcoming unknown NBI via FEC and subband scheduling. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Phoenix Park, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.39.10.1095","article-title":"Stochastic games","volume":"39","author":"Shapley","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susu, A.E., Acquaviva, A., Atienza, D., and De Micheli, G. (2008, January 1\u20133). Stochastic modeling and analysis for environmentally powered wireless sensor nodes. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks and Workshops (WiOPT), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.WIOPT2008.3179"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2012.2190419","article-title":"Stochastic game for wireless network virtualization","volume":"21","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw. (ToN)"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, K.C., Alpcan, T., and Ba\u015far, T. (2009, January 13\u201315). Stochastic games for security in networks with interdependent nodes. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Game Theory for Networks (GameNets), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/GAMENETS.2009.5137463"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Comaniciu, C., and Man, H. (2006, January 11\u201313). A Bayesian game approach for intrusion detection in wireless ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Game Theory for Communications and Networks, Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1190195.1190198"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2010.0794","article-title":"Evolutionary game-based data aggregation model for wireless sensor networks","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crosby, G.V., and Pissinou, N. (2007, January 15\u201318). Evolution of cooperation in multi-class wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Local Computer Networks (LCN), Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2007.149"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z.S., and Krings, A.W. (2008, January 1\u20138). Bio-robustness and fault tolerance: A new perspective on reliable, survivable and evolvable network systems. Proceedings of the Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2008.4526486"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z.S., and Krings, A.W. (2008, January 27\u201331). Dynamic hybrid fault models and the applications to wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1454503.1454524"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Chen, Z., and Xu, L. (2010, January 23\u201325). Active defense model of wireless sensor networks based on evolutionary game theory. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WICOM.2010.5601100"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Ma, Z., and Krings, A.W. (2008, January 27\u201330). Insect population inspired wireless sensor networks: A unified architecture with survival analysis, evolutionary game theory, and hybrid fault models. Proceedings of the International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI), Sanya, China."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Ricardo, V. (2012). Fault-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks Using Evolutionary Games. [PhD Thesis, University of New Mexico]."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2011.2104997","article-title":"Dynamic hybrid fault modeling and extended evolutionary game theory for reliability, survivability and fault tolerance analyses","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z.S., Krings, A.W., and Hiromoto, R.E. (2009, January 7\u201314). Dragonfly as a model for UAV\/MAV flight and communication controls. Proceedings of the Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2009.4839616"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, Y.B. (2009, January 18\u201323). A game theory approach to detect malicious nodes in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORCOMM.2009.76"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Agah, A., Asadi, M., and Das, S.K. (2006, January 26\u201329). Prevention of DoS Attack in Sensor Networks using Repeated Game Theory. Proceedings of the ICWN, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2012.1636.1652","article-title":"A survey of intrusion detection schemes in wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Rassam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Shi, L., Cheng, P., Chen, J., and Quevedo, D.E. (2013, January 26\u201329). Jamming attack on Cyber-Physical Systems: A game-theoretic approach. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER.2013.6705454"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Agah, A., Das, S.K., Basu, K., and Asadi, M. (September, January 30). Intrusion detection in sensor networks: A non-cooperative game approach. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA), Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Agah, A., Basu, K., and Das, S.K. (2005, January 16\u201320). Preventing DoS attack in sensor networks: A game theoretic approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications (ICC), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Agah, A., Das, S.K., and Basu, K. (2004, January 15\u201317). A game theory based approach for security in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Performance, Computing, and Communications, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2008.922775","article-title":"Reliable event-detection in wireless visual sensor networks through scalar collaboration and game-theoretic consideration","volume":"10","author":"Czarlinska","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimedia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Abid, I., and Boudriga, N. (2013, January 28\u201330). Game theory for misbehaving detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN.2013.6496352"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misra, S., Krishna, V.P., and Abraham, K.I. (2010, January 5\u20139). Energy efficient learning solution for intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2010 Second International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks, Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS.2010.5431976"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Kodialam, M., and Lakshman, T. (April, January 30). Detecting network intrusions via sampling: A game theoretic approach. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications, INFOCOM 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater, D., Tague, P., Poovendran, R., and Li, M. (2009, January 6\u20139). A game-theoretic framework for jamming attacks and mitigation in commercial aircraft wireless networks. Proceedings of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA Infotech at Aerospace Conference, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2009-1819"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2202228","article-title":"Indirect reciprocity security game for large-scale wireless networks","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.03.006","article-title":"Fight jamming with jamming\u2013A game theoretic analysis of jamming attack in wireless networks and defense strategy","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Hao, D., Adhikari, A., and Sakurai, K. (2011). Trusted Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"An, B., and Tambe, M. (2011). Multi-Agent Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Szidarovszky, F., Al-Nashif, Y., and Hariri, S. (2009, January 10\u201313). A game theory based risk and impact analysis method for intrusion defense systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), Rabat, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2009.5069450"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Zhu, Q., and Ba\u015far, T. (2013). Decision and Game Theory for Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSN.2010.030724","article-title":"A cross-layer authentication design for secure video transportation in wireless sensor network","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Secur. Netw."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Khirwadkar, T.S. (2011). Defense Against Network Attacks Using Game Theory. [PhD Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2006.886298","article-title":"A game-theoretic study of CSMA\/CA under a backoff attack","volume":"14","author":"Konorski","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw. (TON)"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarlinska, A., Luh, W., and Kundur, D. (2007, January 26\u201330). Attacks on sensing in hostile wireless sensor-actuator environments. Proceedings of the Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2007.193"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Laszka, A., Johnson, B., and Grossklags, J. (2013). Decision and Game Theory for Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, S., Tripakis, S., Seshia, S.A., and Chatterjee, K. (2014, January 6\u20138). Game theoretic secure localization in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOT.2014.7030120"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vovk, V.G. (1995, January 5\u20138). A game of prediction with expert advice. Proceedings of the ACM Eighth Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/225298.225304"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"2445","article-title":"Prediction with expert advice for the Brier game","volume":"10","author":"Vovk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1145\/990680.990707","article-title":"Security in wireless sensor networks","volume":"47","author":"Perrig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"145","article-title":"Preventing DoS attacks in wireless sensor networks: A repeated game theory approach","volume":"5","author":"Agah","year":"2007","journal-title":"IJ Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamhoua, C.A., Pissinou, N., and Makki, K. (2011, January 5\u20139). Game theoretic modeling and evolution of trust in autonomous multi-hop networks: Application to network security and privacy. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/icc.2011.5962511"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shila, D.M., and Anjali, T. (2008, January 16\u201319). A game theoretic approach to gray hole attacks in wireless mesh networks. Proceedings of the Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2008.4753657"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-8705(03)00008-8","article-title":"Secure routing in wireless sensor networks: Attacks and countermeasures","volume":"1","author":"Karlof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2045035","article-title":"Cooperation stimulation strategies for peer-to-peer wireless live video-sharing social networks","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Proc."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-011-0351-2","article-title":"Integrated social and QoS trust-based routing in delay tolerant networks","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alpcan, T., and Ba\u015far, T. (2004, January 14\u201317). A game theoretic analysis of intrusion detection in access control systems. Proceedings of the 43rd Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), Atlantis, Paradise Island, Bahamas.","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2004.1430267"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2008.13","article-title":"A puzzle-based defense strategy against flooding attacks using game theory","volume":"7","author":"Fallah","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallhammar, K., Knapskog, S.J., and Helvik, B.E. (2005). Using Stochastic Game Theory to Compute the Expected Behavior of Attackers. [PhD Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology].","DOI":"10.1109\/SAINTW.2005.1619988"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Agah, A., Basu, K., and Das, S.K. (2005, January 7). Enforcing security for prevention of DoS attack in wireless sensor networks using economical modeling. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems Conference, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Agah, A., Das, S.K., and Basu, K. (2004, January 26\u201329). A non-cooperative game approach for intrusion detection in sensor networks. Proceedings of the 60th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2496147","article-title":"Trust-distortion Resistant Trust Management Frameworks on Mobile Ad hoc Networks: A Survey","volume":"18","author":"Movahedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rmol, F.G., and P\u00e9rez, G.M. (2009, January 14\u201318). TRMSim-WSN, trust and reputation models simulator for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications (ICC), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2009.5199545"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.946","article-title":"A simple learning automata-based solution for intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Misra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trust dynamics in WSNs: An evolutionary game-theoretic approach","volume":"10.1155","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101456","article-title":"The evolutionary origin of cooperators and defectors","volume":"306","author":"Doebeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1090\/S0273-0979-03-00988-1","article-title":"Evolutionary game dynamics","volume":"40","author":"Hofbauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Math. Soc."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(90)90011-J","article-title":"Stochastic evolutionary game dynamics","volume":"38","author":"Foster","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2401597","article-title":"A survey on radio resource allocation in cognitive radio sensor networks","volume":"17","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2500184","article-title":"Interference Improves PHY Security for Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.122211.00162","article-title":"A survey on security threats and detection techniques in cognitive radio networks","volume":"15","author":"Fragkiadakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Talabani, A., Nallanathan, A., and Nguyen, H.X. (2015, January 6\u201310). Enhancing secrecy rate in cognitive radio via game theory. Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417698"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, L., Gao, F., Zhang, K., and Zhang, S. (2015, January 6\u201310). Sequential detection aided modulation classification in cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417475"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Cao, B., Daneshmand, M., and Zhang, W. (2015, January 6\u201310). Cooperative spectrum sharing with energy-save in cognitive radio networks. Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417201"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2013.131130","article-title":"Cooperative spectrum access towards secure information transfer for CRNs","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavrilovska, L., Krco, S., Milutinovic, V., Stojmenovic, I., and Trobec, R. (2010). Application and Multidisciplinary Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks: Concepts, Integration, and Case Studies, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84996-510-1"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2015.11.008","article-title":"Jamming attacks on wireless networks: A taxonomic survey","volume":"172","author":"Vadlamani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econom."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2015.12.002","article-title":"Distributed travel-time seismic tomography in large-scale sensor networks","volume":"89","author":"Kamath","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.12.004","article-title":"Trust based reliable transmission strategies for smart home energy management in cognitive radio based smart grid","volume":"41","author":"Premarathne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seah, W.K., Eu, Z.A., and Tan, H.P. (2009, January 17\u201320). Wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting (WSN-HEAP)-Survey and challenges. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology Wireless (VITAE), Aalborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIRELESSVITAE.2009.5172411"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawa, M., Darabkh, K.A., Al-Zubi, R., and Al-Sukkar, G. (2016). A self-learning MAC protocol for energy harvesting and spectrum access in cognitive radio sensor networks. J. Sens., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9604526"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Maghsudi, S., and Hossain, E. Distributed User Association in Energy Harvesting Small Cell Networks: A Probabilistic Model, Cornell University, 2016. Available online: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1601.07795."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.12.001","article-title":"A two-stage game theoretical approach for interference mitigation in body-to-body networks","volume":"95","author":"Meharouech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.01.010","article-title":"Priority-aware pricing-based capacity sharing scheme for beyond-wireless body area networks","volume":"98","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040443","article-title":"A Survey on Security and Privacy in Emerging Sensor Networks: From Viewpoint of Close-Loop","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01919.x","article-title":"Cost of equity in homeland security resource allocation in the face of a strategic attacker","volume":"33","author":"Shan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Risk Anal."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/7\/1003\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:06Z","timestamp":1760210706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/7\/1003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s16071003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16071003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]}}}