{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:57:54Z","timestamp":1768291074565,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Technology Research and Development Program of China","award":["2012AA09A405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012AA09A405"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61575181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61575181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A newly developed integrated fluorescence-Raman spectral system (\u03bbex = 532 nm) for detecting Chlorophyll-a (chl-a), Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), carotenoids and SO42\u2212 in situ was used to successfully investigate the diurnal variability of all above. Simultaneously using the integration of fluorescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy techniques provided comprehensive marine information due to the complementarity between the different excitation mechanisms and different selection rules. The investigation took place in offshore seawater of the Yellow Sea (36\u00b005\u203240\u2032\u2032 N, 120\u00b031\u203232\u2032\u2032 E) in October 2014. To detect chl-a, CDOM, carotenoids and SO42\u2212, the fluorescence-Raman spectral system was deployed. It was found that troughs of chl-a and CDOM fluorescence signal intensity were observed during high tides, while the signal intensity showed high values with larger fluctuations during ebb-tide. Chl-a and carotenoids were influenced by solar radiation within a day cycle by different detection techniques, as well as displaying similar and synchronous tendency. CDOM fluorescence cause interference to the measurement of SO42\u2212. To avoid such interference, the backup Raman spectroscopy system with \u03bbex = 785 nm was employed to detect SO42\u2212 concentration on the following day. The results demonstrated that the fluorescence-Raman spectral system has great potential in detection of chl-a, carotenoids, CDOM and SO42\u2212 in the ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T09:48:45Z","timestamp":1468403325000},"page":"1082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Diurnal Variability in Chlorophyll-a, Carotenoids, CDOM and SO42\u2212 Intensity of Offshore Seawater Detected by an Underwater Fluorescence-Raman Spectral System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Optoelectronics Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0385-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangquan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Optoelectronics Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Jinjia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Optoelectronics Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Optoelectronics Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics and Optoelectronics Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163708","article-title":"Marine chemical ecology: Chemical signals and cues structure marine populations, communities, and ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Hay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. 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