{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:21:02Z","timestamp":1773717662832,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONDECYT Chile","award":["Regular Folio 1151278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Regular Folio 1151278"]}]},{"name":"PIA-CONICYT Grant Chile","award":["PFB 0824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PFB 0824"]}]},{"name":"CONICYT Chile","award":["Masters scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Masters scholarship"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Images rendered by uncooled microbolometer-based infrared (IR) cameras are severely degraded by the spatial non-uniformity (NU) noise. The NU noise imposes a fixed-pattern over the true images, and the intensity of the pattern changes with time due to the temperature instability of such cameras. In this paper, we present a novel model and a compensation algorithm for the spatial NU noise and its temperature-dependent variations. The model separates the NU noise into two components: a constant term, which corresponds to a set of NU parameters determining the spatial structure of the noise, and a dynamic term, which scales linearly with the fluctuations of the temperature surrounding the array of microbolometers. We use a black-body radiator and samples of the temperature surrounding the IR array to offline characterize both the constant and the temperature-dependent NU noise parameters. Next, the temperature-dependent variations are estimated online using both a spatially uniform Hammerstein-Wiener estimator and a pixelwise least mean squares (LMS) estimator. We compensate for the NU noise in IR images from two long-wave IR cameras. Results show an excellent NU correction performance and a root mean square error of less than 0.25 \u2218 C, when the array\u2019s temperature varies by approximately 15 \u2218 C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1468921702000},"page":"1121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Modeling and Compensating Temperature-Dependent Non-Uniformity Noise in IR Microbolometer Cameras"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Edmundo Larenas 219, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Pezoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Edmundo Larenas 219, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"},{"name":"Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Avda. Esteban S. Iturra s\/n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Edmundo Larenas 219, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"},{"name":"Center for Optics and Photonics, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Avda. Esteban S. Iturra s\/n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wood, R.A. (1995). Camera for Producing Video Output Signal, Infrared Focal Plane Array Package for such Camera, and Method and Apparatus for Generating Video Signals from Passive Focal Plane Array of Elements on a Semiconductor Substrate. (5,420,419), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogalski, A. (2011). Infrared Detectors, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b10319"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Holst, G.C. (1998). 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