{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:14:49Z","timestamp":1777454089650,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/K031953\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/K031953\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a multi-channel dual-mode CMOS analogue front-end (AFE) for electrochemical and bioimpedance analysis. Current-mode and voltage-mode readouts, integrated on the same chip, can provide an adaptable platform to correlate single-cell biosensor studies with large-scale tissue or organ analysis for real-time cancer detection, imaging and characterization. The chip, implemented in a 180-nm CMOS technology, combines two current-readout (CR) channels and four voltage-readout (VR) channels suitable for both bipolar and tetrapolar electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. Each VR channel occupies an area of 0.48 mm     2    , is capable of an operational bandwidth of 8 MHz and a linear gain in the range between \u22126 dB and 42 dB. The gain of the CR channel can be set to 10 k\u03a9, 50 k\u03a9 or 100 k\u03a9 and is capable of 80-dB dynamic range, with a very linear response for input currents between 10 nA and 100    \u03bc   A. Each CR channel occupies an area of 0.21 mm     2    . The chip consumes between 530    \u03bc   A and 690    \u03bc   A per channel and operates from a 1.8-V supply. The chip was used to measure the impedance of capacitive interdigitated electrodes in saline solution. Measurements show close matching with results obtained using a commercial impedance analyser. The chip will be part of a fully flexible and configurable fully-integrated dual-mode EIS system for impedance sensors and bioimpedance analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T10:04:26Z","timestamp":1469441066000},"page":"1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Wideband Fully-Programmable Dual-Mode CMOS Analogue Front-End for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Virgilio","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 7JE London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Demosthenous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 7JE London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2005.857542","article-title":"A tissue impedance measurement chip for myocardial ischemia detection","volume":"52","author":"Yufera","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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