{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T21:11:09Z","timestamp":1768770669478,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study a new built-in ultrahigh frequency (UHF) antenna sensor was designed and applied in a high-voltage switchgear for partial discharge (PD) detection. The casing of the switchgear was initially used as the ground plane of the antenna sensor, which integrated the sensor into the high-voltage switchgear. The Koch snowflake patch was adopted as the radiation patch of the antenna to overcome the disadvantages of common microstrip antennas, and the feed position and the dielectric layer thickness were simulated in detail. Simulation results show that the antenna sensor possessed four resonant points with good impedance matching from 300 MHz to 1000 MHz, and it also presented good multi-frequency performance in the entire working frequency band. PD detection experiments were conducted in the high-voltage switchgear, and the fabricated antenna sensor was effectively built into the high-voltage switchgear. In order to reflect the advantages of the built-in antenna sensor, another external UHF antenna sensor was used as a comparison to simultaneously detect PD. Experimental results demonstrated that the built-in antenna sensor possessed high detection sensitivity and strong anti-interference capacity, which ensured the practicability of the design. In addition, it had more high-voltage switchgear PD detection advantages than the external sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T05:34:42Z","timestamp":1469511282000},"page":"1170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Design of a New Built-in UHF Multi-Frequency Antenna Sensor for Partial Discharge Detection in High-Voltage Switchgears"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment &amp; System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment &amp; System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingang","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment &amp; System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17362","DOI":"10.3390\/s131217362","article-title":"Study on the application of an ultra-high-frequency fractal antenna to partial discharge detection in switchgears","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2008.4483471","article-title":"Cross-equipment Evaluation of Partial Discharge Measurement and Diagnosis Techniques in Electric Power Apparatus for Transmission and Distribution","volume":"15","author":"Hikita","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2002.1024439","article-title":"Comparison of on-line partial discharge detection methods for XLPE cable joints","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/57.156943","article-title":"Partial discharge, Part XIV: Acoustic partial discharge detection\u2014Practical application","volume":"8","author":"Lundgaard","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1109\/61.686974","article-title":"The application of ultra-high-frequency partial discharge measurements to gas-insulated substations","volume":"13","author":"Kurrer","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8398","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508398","article-title":"A fiber optic PD sensor using a balanced Sagnac interferometer and an EDFA-based DOP tunable fiber ring laser","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2005.861242","article-title":"Acousto-optical PD detection for transformers","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.047","article-title":"A review on hybrid wavelet regrouping particle swarm optimization neural networks for characterization of partial discharge acoustic signals","volume":"45","author":"Piah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2010.5492244","article-title":"Investigation of a comprehensive identification method used in acoustic detection system for GIS","volume":"17","author":"Si","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2012.2199135","article-title":"Transient Earth Voltage Measurement in PD Detection of Artificial Defect Models in","volume":"40","author":"Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2008.2005464","article-title":"RF-Based Partial Discharge Early Warning System for Air-Insulated Substations","volume":"24","author":"Portugues","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29434","DOI":"10.3390\/s151129434","article-title":"Study on Miniaturized UHF Antennas for Partial Discharge Detection in High-Voltage Electrical Equipment","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2013.6678849","article-title":"Hilbert fractal antenna for UHF detection of partial discharges in transformers","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Rectangular Planar Spiral Antenna for GIS Partial Discharge Detection","volume":"2014","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.587","article-title":"External sensors in partial discharge ultra-high-frequency measurements in gas-insulated substations","volume":"22","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Trans. Electr. Power"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2010.5492260","article-title":"Electromagnetic waves from partial discharges and their detection using patch antenna","volume":"17","author":"Shibuya","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2012.6260019","article-title":"Development simulation and experiment study on UHF Partial Discharge Sensor in GIS","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/8.900236","article-title":"The Koch monopole: A small fractal antenna","volume":"48","author":"Baliarda","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2003.811479","article-title":"On the behavior of Koch island fractal boundary microstrip patch antenna","volume":"51","author":"Borja","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"9","article-title":"The CAD Models of Resonant Frequencyand Input Impedance of Probe-Fed Rectangularand Circular Microstrip Antenna","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. China Inst. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., Xu, Z., and Zhang, X. (2007, January 14\u201317). GIS partial discharge quantitative measurements using UHF microstrip antenna sensors. Proceedings of the Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CEIDP.2007.4451454"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1170\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:01Z","timestamp":1760210821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s16081170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16081170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]]}}}