{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:30:36Z","timestamp":1776425436242,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61307098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61307098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61275165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61275165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the foundation of Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2005DP173065-2013-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2005DP173065-2013-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a novel velocimeter based on laser self-mixing Doppler technology has been developed for speed measurement. The laser employed in our experiment is a distributed feedback (DFB) fiber laser, which is an all-fiber structure using only one Fiber Bragg Grating to realize optical feedback and wavelength selection. Self-mixing interference for optical velocity sensing is experimentally investigated in this novel system, and the experimental results show that the Doppler frequency is linearly proportional to the velocity of a moving target, which agrees with the theoretical analysis commendably. In our experimental system, the velocity measurement can be achieved in the range of 3.58 mm\/s\u20132216 mm\/s with a relative error under one percent, demonstrating that our novel all-fiber configuration velocimeter can implement wide-range velocity measurements with high accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T09:38:46Z","timestamp":1469612326000},"page":"1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["All-Fiber Configuration Laser Self-Mixing Doppler Velocimeter Based on Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Jiulong Road 111#, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dehui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Jiulong Road 111#, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Jiulong Road 111#, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Jiulong Road 111#, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangcheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Jiulong Road 111#, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaqiao","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shu Shang Hu Road, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Jiulong Road 111#, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benli","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Jiulong Road 111#, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koichi, M., and Takahiro, H. (2015). Nonmechanical cross-sectional scanning laser Doppler velocimeter with directional discrimination of transverse velocity component. Opt. Eng., 54.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.54.1.017102"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyoden, T., Yasue, Y., and Ishida, H. (2015). Multi-channel laser Doppler velocimetry using a two-dimensional optical fiber array for obtaining instantaneous velocity distribution characteristics. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 54.","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.54.012501"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.003600","article-title":"Self-mixing dual-frequency laser Doppler velocimeter","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, J.H., Zhao, S.G., He, Y., and Chen, W.B. (2011). Experimental study on minimum resolvable velocity for heterodyne laser Doppler vibRometry. Opt. Lett., 9.","DOI":"10.3788\/COL201109.081201"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.002145","article-title":"Heterodyne laser Doppler vibRometers integrated on silicon-on-insulator based on serrodyne thermo-optic frequency shifters","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.32.000838","article-title":"Sub-Doppler noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectRometry modeling: From Doppler broadening to cross-sideband resonances","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.002145","article-title":"Homodyne laser Doppler vibRometer on silicon-on-insulator with integrated 90 degree optical hybrids","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal, O.D., Zabit, U., and Bosch, T.M. (2015). Robust method of stabilization of optical feedback regime by using adaptive optics for a self-mixing micro-interfeRometer laser displacement sensor. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 21.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2014.2381494"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y.D., Wang, W.P., Xu, C.X., and Zhang, S. (2013). Laser confocal feedback tomography and nano-step height measurement. Sci. Rep., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02971"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y.D., Zhang, S.L., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y.Q., and Liu, N. (2013). Response of microchip solid-state laser to external frequency-shifted feedback and its applications. Sci. Rep., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02912"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11801-014-4059-x","article-title":"Micro-vibration parameters fast demodulation algorithm and experiment of self-mixing interference","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optoelectron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23402","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.023402","article-title":"Two-state semiconductor laser self-mixing velocimetry exploiting coupled quantum-dot emission-states: Experiment, simulation and theory","volume":"22","author":"Cattini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3600","article-title":"Laser Doppler phase shifting using a high-speed digital micromirror device","volume":"22","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandrova, A.S., Tzoganis, V., and Welsch, C.P. (2015). Laser diode self-mixing interfeRometry for velocity Measurements. Opt. Eng., 54.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.54.3.034104"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"TsUKuda, N., Shinohara, S., Shibata, T., Yoshida, H., Ikeda, H., and Sumi, M. (1994, January 10\u201312). New range-finding speedometer using a self-mixing laser diode modulated by triangular wave pulse current. Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Hamamatsu, Japan."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.005517","article-title":"Self-mixing imaging sensor using a monolithic VCSEL array with parallel readout","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"904","article-title":"DFB fibre-laser sensor developments","volume":"5855","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1088\/1464-4258\/8\/7\/S36","article-title":"Development of an erbium-doped fibre laser as a deep-sea hydrophone","volume":"8","author":"Bagnoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Opt. Pure Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2007.891995","article-title":"Erbium fiber laser acceleRometer","volume":"7","author":"Ames","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.917085","article-title":"Crosstalk analysis of a fiber laser sensor array system based on digital phase generated carrier scheme","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.917761","article-title":"Fiber laser hydrophone based on double diaphragms: Theory and experiment","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.H., Wu, S., Xiang, R., Cao, Z.G., Liu, Y., Gui, H.Q., Liu, J.G., Lu, L., and Yu, B.L. (2014). Self-mixing fiber ring laser velocimeter with orthogonal-beam incident system. IEEE Photonics, 6.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2311452"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2007.903343","article-title":"Self-mixing speckle in an erbium-doped fiber ring laser and its application to velocity sensing","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8598","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.008598","article-title":"Self-mixing interference measurement system of a fiber ring laser with ultra-narrow linewidth","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-005-1738-0","article-title":"Doppler velocimetry using self-mixing effect in a short Er\u2013Yb-doped phosphate glass fiber laser","volume":"80","author":"Laroche","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1979.1070053","article-title":"Effects of external perturbations on LiNdP4O12 lasers","volume":"15","author":"OtsUKa","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-013-5452-z","article-title":"Measurement of the velocity inside an all-fiber DBR laser by self-mixing technique","volume":"113","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2179922","article-title":"Self-mixing signal in Er3+-Yb3+ codoped Distributed Bragg Reflector fiber laser for remote sensing applications up to 20 Km","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19970067","article-title":"Five wavelength DFB fiber laser source for WDM systems","volume":"33","author":"Hubner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.001869","article-title":"Polarimetric Er3+-doped fiber distributed-feedback laser sensor for differential pressure and force measurements","volume":"21","author":"Kringlebotn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1109\/68.784207","article-title":"8- and 16-channel all-fiber DFB laser WDM transmitters with integrated pump redundancy","volume":"11","author":"Ibsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.19.002101","article-title":"Er3+-Yb3+ codoped fiber distributed-feedback laser","volume":"19","author":"Kringlebotn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19951041","article-title":"1.55 um phase-shifted distributed feedback fiber laser","volume":"31","author":"Loh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19950981","article-title":"Distributed feedback Er3+ doped fiber laser","volume":"31","author":"Sejka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19981446","article-title":"Design of DFB fiber lasers","volume":"34","author":"Lauridsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2004.828257","article-title":"A new design approach for fiber DFB lasers with improved efficiency","volume":"40","author":"Kuthan","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.003474","article-title":"Analysis of almost-periodic distributed feed-back slab waveguides via a fundamental matrix approach","volume":"26","author":"Yamada","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1109\/50.762908","article-title":"Optimization of Strongly Pumped Fiber Lasers","volume":"17","author":"Kelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.004541","article-title":"Directional discrimination in the self-mixing type laser Doppler velocimeter","volume":"26","author":"Shimizu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1109\/50.320940","article-title":"Self-Mixing Interference inside a Single-Mode Diode Laser for Optical Sensing Applications","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1179\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:08Z","timestamp":1760210828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s16081179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16081179","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]}}}