{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:44:29Z","timestamp":1762641869833,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used for quantitative and\/or qualitative determination of a wide range of matrices. The objective of this study was to develop a NIRS method for the quantitative determination of fluorine content in polylactide (PLA)-talc blends. A blending profile was obtained by mixing different amounts of PLA granules and talc powder. The calibration model was built correlating wet chemical data (alkali digestion method) and NIR spectra. Using FT (Fourier Transform)-NIR technique, a Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression model was set-up, in a concentration interval of 0 ppm of pure PLA to 800 ppm of pure talc. Fluorine content prediction (R2cal = 0.9498; standard error of calibration, SEC = 34.77; standard error of cross-validation, SECV = 46.94) was then externally validated by means of a further 15 independent samples (R2EX.V = 0.8955; root mean standard error of prediction, RMSEP = 61.08). A positive relationship between an inorganic component as fluorine and NIR signal has been evidenced, and used to obtain quantitative analytical information from the spectra.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T03:47:39Z","timestamp":1470196059000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantitative Determination of Fluorine Content in Blends of Polylactide (PLA)\u2013Talc Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9830-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Tamburini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, Ferrara 46 | 44121, Italy"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Tagliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab Control Srl, Chemical Analysis and Technological Services, Via C\u00e0 Don\u00e0, San Martino di Venezze, Rovigo 545 | 45030, Italy"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab Control Srl, Chemical Analysis and Technological Services, Via C\u00e0 Don\u00e0, San Martino di Venezze, Rovigo 545 | 45030, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7555-2681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, Ferrara 46 | 44121, Italy"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Scapoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, Ferrara 46 | 44121, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3185-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Pedrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, Ferrara 46 | 44121, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.004","article-title":"Processing technologies for poly (lactic acid)","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)00145-E","article-title":"Safety assessment of polylactide (PLA) for use as a food-contact polymer","volume":"33","author":"Conn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020200822435","article-title":"Literature review of poly (lactic acid)","volume":"9","author":"Garlotta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/8756087903039702","article-title":"Mechanical, physical, and barrier properties of poly (lactide) films","volume":"19","author":"Auras","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plast. Film Sheeting"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(200012)12:23<1841::AID-ADMA1841>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Polylactic acid technology","volume":"12","author":"Drumright","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2011.06.019","article-title":"Poly-lactic acid synthesis for application in biomedical devices\u2014A review","volume":"30","author":"Lasprilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/polym6010093","article-title":"Poly(lacticacid)\/Poly(ethyleneglycol) Polymer Nanocomposites: Effects of Graphene Nanoplatelets","volume":"6","author":"Chieng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.3390\/polym6092386","article-title":"Barrier Properties of Polylactic Acid in Cellulose Based Packages Using Montmorillonite as Filler","volume":"6","author":"Aldana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7770","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8115422","article-title":"New Polylactic Acid Composites Reinforced with Artichoke Fibers","volume":"8","author":"Botta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-010-0278-9","article-title":"Effect of Nucleating Agents on Physical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) and Its Blend with Natural Rubber","volume":"19","author":"Suksut","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/app.12162","article-title":"Melting behavior and crystallization kinetics of starch and poly (lactic acid) composites","volume":"89","author":"Ke","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"752","article-title":"Triclinic Talc and Associated Amphiboles from Gouverneur Mining District, New York","volume":"53","author":"Ross","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"EN 13432:2000 (2000). Packaging: Requirements for Packaging Recoverable through Composting and Biodegradation, EU Commission."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199264010103","article-title":"Fluorine combustion calorimetry: Progress in recent years and possibilities of further development","volume":"64","author":"Leonidov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00118-2","article-title":"Determination of fluoride in food by the use of alkali fusion and fluoride ion-selective electrode","volume":"3","author":"Malde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2011.03.009","article-title":"A comparison of different analytical techniques (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectrometry, bomb calorimetry combined with ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) for the determination of the bromine and antimony content of samples","volume":"99","author":"Miskolczi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532003000200006","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals, Practical Aspects and Analytical Applications","volume":"14","author":"Pasquini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siesler, H.W., Ozaki, Y., Kawata, S., and Heise, H.M. (2002). Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Instruments, Applications, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527612666"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.01.029","article-title":"Use of mid- and near-infrared spectroscopy to track degradation of bio-based eating utensils during composting","volume":"109","author":"Mulbry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1255\/nirn.1577","article-title":"The future role of near infrared spectroscopy in polymer and chemical analysis","volume":"27","author":"Huck","year":"2016","journal-title":"NIR News"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19981128)70:9<1737::AID-APP11>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"In-line evaluation of average particle size in styrene suspension polymerizations using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"70","author":"Santos","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2004-2-310","article-title":"Crystal-chemistry of talc: A near infrares (NIR) spectroscopy study","volume":"89","author":"Petit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-908X.2010.00043.x","article-title":"Determination of fluorine and chlorine by pyrohydrolysis and ion chromatography: comparison with alkaline fusion digestion and ion chromatography","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geostand. Geoanal. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702894202201","article-title":"Standard normal variable transformation and detrending of near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra","volume":"43","author":"Barnes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Martens, H., and Naes, T. (1988). Multivariate Calibration, J. Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Williams, P.C. (2001). Near-Infrared Technology in the Agricultural and Food Industries, American Association of Cereal Chemists. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"R Core Team (2013). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online:http:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.586","article-title":"Near infrared spectroscopy, cluster and multivariate analysis\u2014Characterization of silica materials for liquid chromatography","volume":"14","author":"Huck","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476975","article-title":"Identification of Outliers in Multivariate Data","volume":"91","author":"Rocke","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"409","article-title":"Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression","volume":"37","author":"Durbin","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1208\/pt030324","article-title":"Blend Uniformity Analysis Using Stream Sampling and Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy","volume":"3","author":"Popo","year":"2002","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brereton, R.G. (2009). Chemometrics for Pattern Recognition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470746462"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2003.06.002","article-title":"Principal components analysis as a tool for identity control using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"661","author":"Bossart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"485","article-title":"Diffuse reflectance spectra of several several clay minerals","volume":"57","author":"Lindberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202028","article-title":"The crystal chemistry and thermal stability of sol-gel prepared fluorine substituted talc","volume":"23","author":"Rywak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Miner."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1180\/0009855023740063","article-title":"The influence of structural Fe, Al and Mg on the infrared OH bands in spectra of dioctahedral smectites","volume":"37","author":"Bishop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1002\/app.32728","article-title":"Isothermal crystallization kinetics and crystal structure of poly (lactic acid): Effect of triphenyl phosphate and talc","volume":"118","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2012.01.004","article-title":"Crystalline structure and mechanical property of poly (lactic acid) nanocomposite probed by near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging","volume":"60","author":"Shinzawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i161","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp211","article-title":"Fewer permutations, more accurate P-values","volume":"25","author":"Knijnenburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"34","article-title":"A Comparison between Validating Laboratory and Process Near-Infrared Spectrophotometers","volume":"18","author":"Ritchie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1216\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:34Z","timestamp":1760210854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s16081216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16081216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]]}}}