{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:42:00Z","timestamp":1783014120951,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education"},{"name":"START-program of the medicine faculty of the RWTH Aachen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a novel approach to eLearning that makes use of smart wearable sensors. Traditional eLearning supports the remote and mobile learning of mostly theoretical knowledge. Here we discuss the possibilities of eLearning to support the training of manual skills. We employ forearm armbands with inertial measurement units and surface electromyography sensors to detect and analyse the user\u2019s hand motions and evaluate their performance. Hand hygiene is chosen as the example activity, as it is a highly standardized manual task that is often not properly executed. The World Health Organization guidelines on hand hygiene are taken as a model of the optimal hygiene procedure, due to their algorithmic structure. Gesture recognition procedures based on artificial neural networks and hidden Markov modeling were developed, achieving recognition rates of     98 . 30 %     (    \u00b1 1 . 26 %    ) for individual gestures. Our approach is shown to be promising for further research and application in the mobile eLearning of manual skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T10:10:31Z","timestamp":1470219031000},"page":"1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Wearable Sensors for eLearning of Manual Tasks: Using Forearm EMG in Hand Hygiene Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Kutafina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Laukamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Bettermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5178-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrik","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Supported Learning Group, RWTH Aachen University, Ahornstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3687-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Jonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52057 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marimuthu, K., Pittet, D., and Harbarth, S. (2014). The effect of improved hand hygiene on nosocomial MRSA control. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-3-34"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1086\/650451","article-title":"Systematic Review of Studies on Compliance with Hand Hygiene Guidelines in Hospital Care","volume":"31","author":"Erasmus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2012). Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Europe 2007, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"327","article-title":"The Importance of Nurses Hand Hygiene","volume":"6","author":"Constantinidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Caring Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2009). 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