{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:41:56Z","timestamp":1760211716064,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transmission of signals in a hybrid satellite-terrestrial system (HSTS) in the presence of co-channel interference (CCI) is considered in this study. Specifically, we examine the problem of amplify-and-forward (AF)-based relaying in a hybrid satellite-terrestrial link, where the relay node is operating in the presence of a dominant co-channel interferer. It is assumed that direct connection between a source node (satellite) and a destination node (terrestrial receiver) is not available due to masking by obstacles in the surrounding. The destination node is only able to receive signals from the satellite with the help of a relay node located at the ground. In the proposed HSTS, the satellite-relay channel follows the shadowed Rice fading; and the channels of interferer-relay and relay-destination links experience generalized Nakagami-m fading. For the considered AF-based HSTS, we first develop the analytical expression for the moment generating function (MGF) of the overall output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Then, based on the derived exact MGF, we derive novel expressions for the average symbol error rate (SER) of the considered HSTS for the following digital modulation techniques: M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) and M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM). To significantly reduce the computational complexity for utility in system-level simulations, simple analytical approximation for the exact SER in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime is presented to provide key insights. Finally, numerical results and the corresponding analysis are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed performance evaluation framework and to view the impact of CCI on the considered HSTS under varying channel conditions and with different modulation schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T10:10:24Z","timestamp":1470391824000},"page":"1236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Performance Characterization of a Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial System with Co-Channel Interference over Generalized Fading Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Umer","family":"Javed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-Based Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-Based Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Peilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-Based Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2005.1522108","article-title":"Integration of satellite and terrestrial systems in future multimedia communications","volume":"12","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-014-1941-6","article-title":"Cooperative hybrid land mobile satellite-terrestrial broadcasting systems: Outage probability evaluation and accurate simulation","volume":"79","author":"Sakarellos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2009.09.080067","article-title":"Chunk-based resource allocation in OFDMA systems-part I: Chunk allocation","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2011.112811.110036","article-title":"Chunk-based resource allocation in OFDMA systems-part II: Joint chunk, power and bit allocation","volume":"60","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.4304\/jcm.6.7.581-589","article-title":"A hybrid satellite-terrestrial cooperative network over non identically distributed fading channels","volume":"6","author":"Iqbal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.090313.131079","article-title":"Performance analysis of AF based hybrid satellite-terrestrial cooperative network over generalized fading channels","volume":"17","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morosi, S., Jayousi, S., and Del Re, E. (, January 23\u201327). Cooperative delay diversity in hybrid satellite\/terrestrial DVB-SH system. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2010.5502626"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.967","article-title":"A cooperative transmit diversity scheme for mobile satellite broadcasting systems","volume":"28","author":"Ahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocco, G., Ibars, C., and del Rio Herrero, O. (2010, January 13\u201315). Cooperative satellite to land mobile gap-filler-less interactive system architecture. Proceedings of the 5th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 11th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop, Cagliari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASMS-SPSC.2010.5586917"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.989","article-title":"Improving satellite services with cooperative communications","volume":"29","author":"Paillassa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Sakarellos, V., and Panagopoulos, A. (2013, January 8\u201312). Outage performance of cooperative land mobile satellite broadcasting systems. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sreng, S., Escrig, B., and Boucheret, M.L. (2013, January 9\u201313). Exact outage probability of a hybrid satellite terrestrial cooperative system with best relay selection. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2013.6655280"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.013013.120899","article-title":"Exact symbol error probability of hybrid\/integrated satellite-terrestrial cooperative network","volume":"12","author":"Sreng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2282836","article-title":"Performance analysis of hybrid satellite-terrestrial FSO cooperative system","volume":"25","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.012214.132738","article-title":"Beamforming and combining in hybrid satellite-terrestrial cooperative systems","volume":"18","author":"Arti","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15689","DOI":"10.3390\/s121115689","article-title":"Impact of high power interference sources in planning and deployment of wireless sensor networks and devices in the 2.4 GHz frequency band in heterogeneous environments","volume":"12","author":"Iturri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Jing, T., Ma, L., Huo, Y., and Qian, J. (2016). Worst-case cooperative jamming for secure communications in CIoT networks. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030339"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13805","DOI":"10.3390\/s150613805","article-title":"Interference mitigation schemes for wireless body area sensor networks: A comparative survey","volume":"15","author":"Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2361517","article-title":"Symbol error analysis of hybrid satellite\u2013terrestrial cooperative networks with cochannel interference","volume":"18","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3412","article-title":"Exact performance analysis of AF based hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay network with co-channel interference","volume":"9","author":"Javed","year":"2015","journal-title":"KSII Trans. Int. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2003.811182","article-title":"A new simple model for land mobile satellite channels: First- and second-order statistics","volume":"2","author":"Abdi","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, M.K., and Alouini, M.S. (2005). Digital Communication over Fading Channels, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471715220"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gradshteyn, I., and Ryzhik, I. (2007). Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Academic Press. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.060202","article-title":"Sum of squared shadowed-rice random variables and its application to communication systems performance prediction","volume":"6","author":"Alfano","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2014.0170","article-title":"Energy detection of unknown signals in Gamma-shadowed Rician fading environments with diversity reception","volume":"9","author":"Peppas","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2184311","article-title":"Performance analysis of fixed gain relay systems with a single interferer in Nakagami-m fading channels","volume":"61","author":"Suraweera","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2009.03.060521","article-title":"Error probability and SINR analysis of optimum combining in Rician fading","volume":"57","author":"McKay","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Prudnikov, A.P., Brychkov, Y.A., and Marichev, O.I. (1986). Integrals and Series, Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, Inc.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.032111.102112","article-title":"Interference-limited relaying transmissions in dual-hop cooperative networks over Nakagami-m fading","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:48Z","timestamp":1760210868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s16081236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16081236","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]}}}