{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:20:16Z","timestamp":1760242816078,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NNSF of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 61571133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 61571133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key project of Guangdong Province","award":["2015B010113001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015B010113001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exploiting the increasingly wide use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) lighting, in this paper we propose a reversed indoor positioning system (IPS) based on LED visible light communication (VLC) in order to improve indoor positioning accuracy. Unlike other VLC positioning systems, we employ two annular receivers with multi-photodiodes installed on the ceiling to locate the persons who carry LEDs. The basic idea is using multi-photodiodes to calculate the angle while using the received signal strength (RSS) method to calculate the distance. The experiment results show that the effective positioning range of the proposed system is 1.8 m when the distance between two receivers is 1.2 m. Moreover, a positioning error less than 0.2 m can be achieved under the condition that the radius of the PIN circle is between 0.16 m and 0.2 m, and the distance of the transmitter-receiver plane is less than 1.8 m, which will be effective in practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1470651278000},"page":"1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Reversed Three-Dimensional Visible Light Indoor Positioning Utilizing Annular Receivers with Multi-Photodiodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0570-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinfan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Department of Communication Science and Engineering, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Department of Communication Science and Engineering, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianyang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Department of Communication Science and Engineering, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), Department of Communication Science and Engineering, Fudan University, No. 220, Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2320306","article-title":"Demonstration of high-speed 2 \u00d7 2 non-imaging MIMO Nyquist single carrier visible light communication with frequency domain equalization","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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IEEE Photonics J., 8.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2015.2513198"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Yang, S.H., and Han, S.K. (2014, January 27\u201329). VLC based indoor positioning using single-Tx and rotatable single-Rx. Proceedings of the IEEE 2014 12th International Conference on Optical Internet 2014 (COIN), Jeju, Korea."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7755","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.007755","article-title":"Angle-of-arrival reception for optical wireless location technology","volume":"23","author":"Arafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. 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