{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:37:05Z","timestamp":1778575025219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI12C0110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI12C0110"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2015M3A9D7067211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2015M3A9D7067211"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2013R1A1A1005775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2013R1A1A1005775"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a smartphone-based lung function test, developed to estimate lung function parameters using a high-resolution time-frequency spectrum from a smartphone built-in microphone is presented. A method of estimation of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s divided by forced vital capacity (FEV1\/FVC) based on the variable frequency complex demodulation method (VFCDM) is first proposed. We evaluated our proposed method on 26 subjects, including 13 healthy subjects and 13 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, by comparing with the parameters clinically obtained from pulmonary function tests (PFTs). For the healthy subjects, we found that an absolute error (AE) and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of the FEV1\/FVC ratio were 4.49% \u00b1 3.38% and 5.54%, respectively. For the COPD patients, we found that AE and RMSE from COPD patients were 10.30% \u00b1 10.59% and 14.48%, respectively. For both groups, we compared the results using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and found that VFCDM was superior to CWT and STFT. Further, to estimate other parameters, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF), regression analysis was conducted to establish a linear transformation. However, the parameters FVC, FEV1, and PEF had correlation factor r values of 0.323, 0.275, and \u22120.257, respectively, while FEV1\/FVC had an r value of 0.814. The results obtained suggest that only the FEV1\/FVC ratio can be accurately estimated from a smartphone built-in microphone. The other parameters, including FVC, FEV1, and PEF, were subjective and dependent on the subject\u2019s familiarization with the test and performance of forced exhalation toward the microphone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T10:23:21Z","timestamp":1471429401000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["High-Resolution Time-Frequency Spectrum-Based Lung Function Test from a Smartphone Microphone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tharoeun","family":"Thap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heewon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changwon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Science based Lung and Bone Disease Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki-Eun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hak-Ryul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2634-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwon-Ha","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8580-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Common lung conditions: Environmental pollutants and lung disease","volume":"409","author":"Delzell","year":"2013","journal-title":"FP Essent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2005.02.009","article-title":"What is the contribution of respiratory viruses and lung proteases to airway remodelling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?","volume":"19","author":"Gualano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pulm. 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