{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:46:50Z","timestamp":1777398410746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing need for road lane detection used in lane departure warning systems and autonomous vehicles, many studies have been conducted to turn road lane detection into a virtual assistant to improve driving safety and reduce car accidents. Most of the previous research approaches detect the central line of a road lane and not the accurate left and right boundaries of the lane. In addition, they do not discriminate between dashed and solid lanes when detecting the road lanes. However, this discrimination is necessary for the safety of autonomous vehicles and the safety of vehicles driven by human drivers. To overcome these problems, we propose a method for road lane detection that distinguishes between dashed and solid lanes. Experimental results with the Caltech open database showed that our method outperforms conventional methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T09:58:54Z","timestamp":1471514334000},"page":"1313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Road Lane Detection by Discriminating Dashed and Solid Road Lanes Using a Visible Light Camera Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Toan","family":"Hoang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}]},{"given":"Husan","family":"Vokhidov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Xu, H., Wang, X., Huang, H., Wu, K., and Fang, Q. (2009, January 26\u201329). A Fast and Stable Lane Detection Method Based on B-Spline Curve. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Computer-Aided Industrial Design & Conceptual Design, Wenzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Li, W., Gong, X., Wang, Y., and Liu, P. (2014, January 9\u201310). A Lane Marking Detection and Tracking Algorithm Based on Sub-Regions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Informative and Cybernetics for Computational Social Systems, Qingdao, China."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2003.10.003","article-title":"Lane detection and tracking using B-Snake","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zcan, B., Boyraz, P., and Yi\u011fit, C.B. (2014, January 8\u201311). A MonoSLAM Approach to Lane Departure Warning System. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Besan\u00e7on, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM.2014.6878151"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Tan, H., Zhou, Y., Zhu, Y., Yao, D., and Li, K. (2014, January 8\u201311). A Novel Curve Lane Detection Based on Improved River Flow and RANSA. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Qingdao, China."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Jiang, Y., Xi, J., Gong, J., Xiong, G., and Chen, H. (2010, January 21\u201324). A Novel Lane Detection Based on Geometrical Model and Gabor Filter. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2010.5548087"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Chen, Q., and Wang, H. (2006, January 13\u201315). A Real-Time Lane Detection Algorithm Based on a Hyperbola-Pair Model. Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, C.R., and Kelber, C.R. (2004, January 17\u201320). A Robust Linear-Parabolic Model for Lane Following. Proceedings of the 17th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing, Curitiba, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBGRAPI.2005.10"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Litkouhi, B.B., Lee, A.Y., and Craig, D.B. (1993, January 15\u201317). Estimator and Controller Design for Lanetrak, a Vision-Based Automatic Vehicle Steering System. Proceedings of the 32nd Conference on Decision and Control, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, J., Lee, E., Kwon, K., and Lee, S. (2014, January 8\u201311). Lane Detection Algorithm Based on Top-View Image Using Random Sample Consensus Algorithm and Curve Road Model. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUFN.2014.6876735"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, W., Rodriguez, F.S.A., Seignez, E., and Reynaud, R. (2014, January 4\u20137). Monocular Multi-Kernel Based Lane Marking Detection. Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER.2014.6917447"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly, M. (2008, January 4\u20136). Real Time Detection of Lane Markers in Urban Streets. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2008.4621152"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2252427","article-title":"Gradient-enhancing conversion for illumination-robust lane detection","volume":"14","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Li, H., Feng, M., and Wang, X. (November, January 30). Inverse Perspective Mapping Based Urban Road Markings Detection. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligent Systems, Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Chiu, K.-Y., and Lin, S.-F. (2005, January 6\u20138). Lane Detection Using Color-Based Segmentation. Proceeding of the Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"134","article-title":"Fast lane detection based on the B-spline fitting","volume":"2","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Eng. Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3491","article-title":"Lane detection based on object segmentation and piecewise fitting","volume":"12","author":"Mu","year":"2014","journal-title":"TELKOMNIKA Indones. J. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-Y., and Lin, C.-H. (2012, January 4\u20137). An Efficient Method for Lane-Mark Extraction in Complex Conditions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing and International Conference on Autonomic and Trusted Computing, Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC.2012.67"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, D., Lee, C., and Lee, K.-Y. (2013, January 22\u201325). An Adaptive Road ROI Determination Algorithm for Lane Detection. Proceedings of the TENCON 2013\u20132013 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2013.6718807"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Chen, M., Jochem, T., and Pomerleau, D. (1995, January 5\u20139). AURORA: A Vision-Based Roadway Departure Warning System. Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems 95 Human Robot Interaction and Cooperative Robots, Pittsburgh, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benligiray, B., Topal, C., and Akinlar, C. (2012, January 10\u201312). Video-Based Lane Detection Using a Fast Vanishing Point Estimation Method. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, Irvine, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM.2012.70"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Jingyu, W., and Jianmin, D. (2013, January 14\u201317). Lane Detection Algorithm Using Vanishing Point. Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Tianjin, China."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.10.024","article-title":"Real-time illumination invariant lane detection for lane departure warning system","volume":"42","author":"Son","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2438714","article-title":"Automatic detection and classification of road lane markings using onboard vehicular cameras","volume":"16","author":"Paula","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Cai, Z.-X., Xie, J., and Ren, X.-P. (2012, January 29\u201331). Road Markings Extraction Based on Threshold Segmentation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2012.6234167"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5201\/ipol.2012.gjmr-lsd","article-title":"LSD: A line segment detector","volume":"2","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Image Process. Line"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.300","article-title":"LSD: A fast line segment detector with a false detection control","volume":"32","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767808","article-title":"Extracting straight lines","volume":"8","author":"Burns","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026593302236","article-title":"Meaningful alignments","volume":"40","author":"Desolneux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desolneux, A., Moisan, L., and Morel, J.-M. (2007). From Gestalt Theory to Image Analysis\u2014A Probabilistic Approach, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74378-3"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Curved Lane Detection. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VlH3OEhZnow."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Real-Time Lane Detection and Tracking System. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0v8sdPViB1c."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sensitivity and Specificity. Available online: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sensitivity_and_specificity."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"F1 Score. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F1_score."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, Q.-B., and Lee, B.-R. (2008, January 14\u201317). New Lane Detection Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicles Using Computer Vision. Proceedings of the International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAS.2008.4694332"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Santiago Lanes Dataset. Available online: http:\/\/ral.ing.puc.cl\/datasets.htm."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1313\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:44Z","timestamp":1760210924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s16081313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16081313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]}}}