{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:09:26Z","timestamp":1774584566169,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recently developed smart strand can be used to measure the prestress force in the prestressed concrete (PSC) structure from the construction stage to the in-service stage. The higher cost of the smart strand compared to the conventional strand renders it unaffordable to replace all the strands by smart strands, and results in the application of only a limited number of smart strands in the PSC structure. However, the prestress forces developed in the strands of the multi-strand system frequently adopted in PSC structures differ from each other, which means that the prestress force in the multi-strand system cannot be obtained by simple proportional scaling using the measurement of the smart strand. Therefore, this study examines the prestress force distribution in the multi-strand system to find the correlation between the prestress force measured by the smart strand and the prestress force distribution in the multi-strand system. To that goal, the prestress force distribution was measured using electromagnetic sensors for various factors of the multi-strand system adopted on site in the fabrication of actual PSC girders. The results verified the possibility to assume normal distribution for the prestress force distribution per anchor head, and a method computing the mean and standard deviation defining the normal distribution is proposed. This paper presents a meaningful finding by proposing an estimation method of the prestress force based upon field-measured data of the prestress force distribution in the multi-strand system of actual PSC structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T09:58:54Z","timestamp":1471514334000},"page":"1317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Estimation of Prestress Force Distribution in Multi-Strand System of Prestressed Concrete Structures Using Field Data Measured by Electromagnetic Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keunhee","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 411-712, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Rae","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 411-712, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 411-712, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 411-712, Korea"}]},{"given":"Young-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 411-712, Korea"}]},{"given":"Young-Hwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 411-712, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1260\/1369-4332.15.6.907","article-title":"Fbg sensors encapsulated into 7-wire steel strand for tension monitoring of a prestressing tendon","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101060","article-title":"A sensor-type pc strand with an embedded fbg sensor for monitoring prestress forces","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X09347021","article-title":"A smart steel strand for the evaluation of prestress loss distribution in post-tensioned concrete structures","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Chandoga, M., and Jaro\u0161evi\u010d, A. (2005, January 28\u201330). Rehabilitation and monitored prestressing of corroded tendons. Proceedings of the fib Symposium: Structural Concrete and Time, La Plata, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14079","DOI":"10.3390\/s150614079","article-title":"Estimation of prestress force distribution in the multi-strand system of prestressed concrete structures","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sumitro, S., Jaro\u0161evi\u010d, A., and Wang, M.L. (2002, January 13\u201319). Elasto-magnetic sensor utilization on steel cable stress measurement. Proceedings of the 1st Fib Congress: Concrete Structures in the 21th Century, Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Chandoga, M., Fabo, P., and Jaro\u0161evi\u010d, A. (2006, January 5\u20138). Measurement of forces in the cable stays of the apollo bridge. Proceedings of the 2nd Fib Congress, Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Fabo, P., Jaro\u0161evi\u010d, A., and Chandoga, M. (2004, January 26\u201328). The smart tendons\u2014A new approach to prestressing. Proceedings of the fib Symposium, Avignon, France."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"ACI Committee 318 (2014). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete Institute."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"ASTM Committee A01 (2015). Standard Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete, ASTM International. ASTM Standard A416\/A416M."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","article-title":"An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)","volume":"52","author":"Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"21","article-title":"Power comparisons of shapiro-wilk, kolmogorov-smirnov, lilliefors and anderson-darling tests","volume":"2","author":"Razali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Model. Anal."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:40Z","timestamp":1760210920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s16081317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16081317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]}}}