{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:20:31Z","timestamp":1760242831574,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Code multipath is an unmanaged error source in precise global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observation processing that limits GNSS positioning accuracy. A new technique for mitigating multipath by installing a wave-absorbing shield is presented in this paper. The wave-absorbing shield was designed according to a GNSS requirement of received signals and collected measurements to achieve good performance. The wave-absorbing shield was installed at the KUN1 and SHA1 sites of the international GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS). Code and carrier phase measurements of three constellations were collected on the dates of the respective installations plus and minus one week. Experiments were performed in which the multipath of the measurements obtained at different elevations was mitigated to different extents after applying the wave-absorbing shield. The results of an analysis and comparison show that the multipath was mitigated by approximately 17%\u201336% on all available frequencies of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) satellites. The three-dimensional accuracies of BDS, GPS, and GLONASS single-point positioning (SPP) were, respectively, improved by 1.07, 0.63 and 0.49 m for the KUN1 site, and by 0.72, 0.79 and 0.73 m for the SHA1 site. Results indicate that the multipath of the original observations was mitigated by using the wave-absorbing shield.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T10:40:33Z","timestamp":1471862433000},"page":"1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Global Navigation Satellite System Multipath Mitigation Using a Wave-Absorbing Shield"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuhai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"718","article-title":"Comparing GPS stochastic models based on observation quality indices","volume":"33","author":"Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007RS003652","article-title":"Mapping the GPS multi-path environment using the signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR)","volume":"42","author":"Bilich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8","article-title":"Three\u2019s the challenge","volume":"21","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2010","journal-title":"GPS World"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"832","article-title":"Quality Analysis of the second generation Compass observables and stochastic model refining","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100927","article-title":"Precise Point Positioning with the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010123","article-title":"Analysis of BeiDou satellite measurements with code multipath and geometry-free ionosphere-free combinations","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Garrett, S., and Sunil, B. (2014). Reduction of PPP convergence period through pseudorange multipath and noise mitigation. GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, J., and Bock, Y. (2013). Triple-frequency GPS precise point positioning with rapid ambiguity resolution. J. Geod.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-013-0619-2"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-012-4741-6","article-title":"Multipath error detection and correction for GEO\/IGSO satellites","volume":"55","author":"WU","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0374-8","article-title":"Multipath analysis of code measurements for BeiDou geostationary satellites","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2015.11.032","article-title":"BDS relative static positioning over long baseline improved by GEO multipath mitigation","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Kerkhoff, A., Harris, R., and Petersen, C. (2010, January 21\u201324). Modifications to GPS reference station antennas to reduce multipath. Proceedings of the ION-GNSS-2010, Institute of Navigation, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-010-0172-x","article-title":"Broadband convex impedance ground planes for multi-system GNSS reference station antennas","volume":"15","author":"Tatarnikov","year":"2011","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Wim, A., Carine, B., Pascale, D., and Guy, A.E. (2014). On the influence of RF absorbing material on the GNSS position. GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Krantz, E., Riley, S., and Large, P. (2001, January 11\u201314). The Design and Performance of the Zephyr Geodetic Antenna. Proceedings of the ION-GPS-2001, Institute of Navigation, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1457","article-title":"Transmission theory of plane electromagnetic waves","volume":"25","author":"Schelkunoff","year":"1937","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Radio Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2007.06.010","article-title":"The influence of cobalt on the corrosion resistance and electromagnetic shielding of electroless Ni-Co-P deposits on Al substrate","volume":"253","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.08.019","article-title":"Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of magnesium alloy-fly ash composites","volume":"650","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"74","article-title":"Research status and prospect of wave absorbing materials","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5","article-title":"Research progress in theoretical designs of microwave absorbing materials","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1360\/132011-359","article-title":"Monitoring and assessment of GNSS Open Services","volume":"41","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012778","article-title":"TEQC: The multi-purpose toolkit for GPS\/GLONASS Data","volume":"3","author":"Estey","year":"1999","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew, S., David, M., and Martin, H. (2008). Experimental results for the multipath performance of Galileo signals transmitted by GIOVE-A satellite. Int. J. Navig. Obs.","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/416380"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02522083","article-title":"Contribution to the theory of atmospheric refraction","volume":"107","author":"Saastamoinen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull. G\u00e9od."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1332\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:53Z","timestamp":1760210933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/16\/8\/1332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s16081332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s16081332","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]]}}}