{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:06Z","timestamp":1760242866991,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]],"date-time":"2016-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Special Project of National Key R &amp; D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2016YFC0201400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0201400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC61273072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC61273072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aimed at the limited energy of nodes in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) and the heavy load of cluster heads in clustering routing algorithms, this paper proposes a dynamic layered dual-cluster routing algorithm based on Krill Herd optimization in UWSNs. Cluster size is first decided by the distance between the cluster head nodes and sink node, and a dynamic layered mechanism is established to avoid the repeated selection of the same cluster head nodes. Using Krill Herd optimization algorithm selects the optimal and second optimal cluster heads, and its Lagrange model directs nodes to a high likelihood area. It ultimately realizes the functions of data collection and data transition. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively decrease cluster energy consumption, balance the network energy consumption, and prolong the network lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]],"date-time":"2016-08-29T10:18:38Z","timestamp":1472465918000},"page":"1379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dynamic Layered Dual-Cluster Heads Routing Algorithm Based on Krill Herd Optimization in UWSNs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.05.011","article-title":"Towards efficient dynamic surface gateway deployment for underwater network","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study analysis and propose enhancement on the performance of cluster routing algorithm in a Mobile Ad hoc Network","volume":"4","author":"Naser","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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