{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T17:47:31Z","timestamp":1773510451941,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in lithium-ion cells for in-situ and in-operando temperature monitoring is presented herein. The measuring of internal and external temperature variations was performed through four FBG sensors during galvanostatic cycling at C-rates ranging from 1C to 8C. The FBG sensors were placed both outside and inside the cell, located in the center of the electrochemically active area and at the tab-electrode connection. The internal sensors recorded temperature variations of 4.0 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b0C at 5C and 4.7 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b0C at 8C at the center of the active area, and 3.9 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b0C at 5C and 4.0 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b0C at 8C at the tab-electrode connection, respectively. This study is intended to contribute to detection of a temperature gradient in real time inside a cell, which can determine possible damage in the battery performance when it operates under normal and abnormal operating conditions, as well as to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the integration of in-operando microsensors inside Li-ion cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T09:56:03Z","timestamp":1472550963000},"page":"1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Internal and External Temperature Monitoring of a Li-Ion Battery with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8295-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Novais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9746-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micael","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemistry I, Helmholtzstra\u00dfe 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9958-0409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es and I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es and Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8176-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9lia","family":"Alberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es and Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es and Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7973-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemistry I, Helmholtzstra\u00dfe 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karsruhe, Germany"}]},{"given":"Guk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemistry I, Helmholtzstra\u00dfe 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-5304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Passerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemistry I, Helmholtzstra\u00dfe 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es and Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1021\/ar800229g","article-title":"Combination of lightweight elements and nanostructured materials for batteries","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.06.074","article-title":"An alternative cooling system to enhance the safety of Li-ion battery packs","volume":"194","author":"Kizilel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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